Biology Final

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

All living things contain DNA, All living things use energy, All living things respond to their environment, All living things are made of cells, All living things grow and develop, All living things reproduce

What is the best definition of an organism?

A living thing

What's an example of growth?

A baby human becomes an adult human

How do autotrophs obtain energy?

Autotrophs obtain energy by making their own food using energy from the sun

Why is DNA important for living things?

DNA codes for proteins, and proteins carry out the necessary functions for life

True or False: All living things contain more than one cell

False

What is asexual reproduction?

A living thing divides itself into 2, identical offspring

What's an example of an organism responding to their to its environment?

A dog shivering when it's cold

True or false: a cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing all of the necessary functions for life.

True

True or False: Non-living things used to show all 6 characteristics of life, but don't anymore.

False

Where are electrons found within an atom?

Electron shell

What is the maximum number of electrons 1n can hold?

2

What is the maximum number of electrons 2n and 3n can hold?

8

What is the general rule of thumb regarding electron shells and their energy levels?

Electron shells closer to the nucleus have lower energy than electron shells further from the nucleus

What is a valence electron?

electrons in the outermost shell

If Nitrogen has 7 total electrons, how many valence electrons does it have?

5

What's an ionic bond?

A chemical bond in which one atom donates electron(s) to another

What is a polar covalent bond?

A chemical bond in which two atoms unequally share electrons

Are hydrocarbons polar or non-polar molecules?

nonpolar

True or False: polar covalent bonds form when atoms with similar electronegativities share electrons.

False

What is electronegativity?

How strongly an atom attracts electrons when covalently bonded to another atom

Is water a polar or nonpolar molecule?

Polar

True or False: a nonpolar molecule can still contain some polar covalent bonds?

True

What are the two components of a solution?

solute and solvent

What is the name of a solution that uses water as a solvent?

Aqueous Solution

True or False: solvents form chemical bonds with solutes.

False

What's an electrostatic reaction?

Hydrogen Bonds, Hydrophilic Interactions, and Hydrophobic interactions

Which of the following is the best definition of electrostatic interactions?

An electrical attraction or repulsion between solutes and solvents

Why do nonpolar molecules not form hydrogen bonds?

Their hydrogens are not partially positive

True or False: a solution can have more than one solute.

True

What's a monomer?

A single molecule that acts as the building block of macromolecules

What type of chemical bond holds monomers together?

Covalent Bond

Which of the following best describes a polymer?

A series of molecules covalently bonded together

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What type of chemical reaction creates a covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides?

Dehydration Reaction

A monosaccharides is to a disaccharide as:

1 is to 2

What type of carbohydrate is glucose?

Monosaccharide

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

To provide organisms with energy

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

To produce ATP from Glucose

What's double stranded nucleic acid?

DNA

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

DNA and RNA

What are the monomers of nucleic acid?

Nucleotide

What makes up a nucleotide?

Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Dehydration Reactions remove a water molecule from 2 nucleotides to form a:

Phosphodiester Bond

What is the name of the sugar molecule found in DNA nucleotides?

Deoxyribose

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in DNA?

Uracil

Why is DNA only found in the nucleus?

DNA is double stranded, so it is too big to leave the nucleus

What BEST describes the Central Dogma?

DNA codes for proteins by using RNA as an intermediate

What are the two strands of DNA held together by?

Hydrogen Bonds

What terms describe DNA?

Double Helix, Antiparallel, Complementary

Which component of a nucleotide is exposed on the 5' end of a DNA strand?

Phosphate Group

What does cellular respiration produce?

ATP

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino Acids

True or False: all proteins contain a primary structure.

True

Which electrostatic interaction is responsible for a protein's secondary structure?

Hydrogen Bonds

What specific type of protein is responsible for performing the chemical reactions necessary for life?

Enzymes

What environmental factors could cause a protein to denature?

Incorrect temperature, Incorrect pH

True or False: the turns in a protein's secondary structure are caused by a lack of hydrogen bonding.

True

What's in the secondary protein structure?

Alpha Helix, Beta Sheets, Turns

What does it mean for a protein to denature?

It unfolds

Glycosidic Linkages are to polysaccharides as ____________ are to polypeptides

peptide bonds

What are the 3 types of lipids?

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroid lipids

True or False: phospholipids contain 3 fatty acid chains.

False

Which of the following best describes a fatty acid chain?

A hydrocarbon chain

What does it mean for a molecule to contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions?

It's amphipathic

What is the purpose of cholesterol?

To stabilize cell membranes

What fatty acids do not contain double bonds between carbons?

Saturated

True or False: Triglycerides are the primary lipid found in cell membranes.

False

What lipid has a 4 ring structure?

Steroids

What are the components of phospholipids?

Glycerol, phosphate group, 2 fatty acid tails

Which type of lipid does NOT contain fatty acids?

steroids

What is the name of the space between the 2 membranes in a mitochondria?

Intermembrane Space

Inside a chloroplast the energy from light is harnessed by what?

Thylakoids

Where is glucose made?

Stroma

What is found within a nucleus?

DNA , nucleolus

What does smooth ER do?

Makes and stored lipids

What do peroxisomes?

breaks down hydrogen peroxide within the cell.

What is the cis face of the golgi apparatus?

closest to the nucleus, receiving side

What is the trans face of the golgi apparatus?

furthest from the nucleus, shipping side

Proteins are modified in the Rough ER and transported to the golgi apparatus in structures known as...

Vesicles

True or False: the smooth ER has ribosomes attached to its membrane.

False

True or False: DNA can enter and exit the nucleus through holes in its membrane known as Nuclear Pores.

False

What are the 3 components of cell membranes?

Proteins, Phospholipids, and Cholesterol

What proteins are only on one side of the membrane?

Peripheral Proteins

What proteins pass all the way through the membrane?

Transmembrane

Why would it be a problem for a cell membrane to have too much cholesterol?

Less permeability

Why can hydrocarbons pass through the cell membrane?

They don't have a martial charge

What component of a cell membrane keeps the membrane rigid in hot temperatures?

Cholesterol

True or False: a cell membrane and a cell wall are the same thing.

False

What is Selective Permeability?

The idea that some molecules can pass through the cell membrane while other molecules can't. Nonpolar molecules can directly pass through the cell membrane while polar molecules and ions can only pass through the cell membrane via transmembrane proteins

Phospholipid heads are ______ while phospholipid tails are _____

Hydrophilic; hydrophobic

True or False: water can pass through the cell membrane via channel or carrier proteins.

True

Which of the following types of membrane transport require the use of ATP as an energy source?

Active Transport

Which transmembrane protein is used for active transport?

Pump Proteins

What describes a concentration gradient?

The difference in a solute's concentration inside the cell and outside the cell

True or False: hydrocarbons can diffuse through the cell membrane without the help of transmembrane proteins.

True

What is osmosis the movement of?

Water

Diffusion and active transport are the movement of _______ across the membrane

Solutes

What is the aqueous solution known as inside the cell

Cytoplasm

What is the aqueous solution known as outside the cell

Extracellular Matrix