ALL GLOBAL MIGRATION

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How many people were estimated to live outside of their country of origin in 2023?

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1

How many people were estimated to live outside of their country of origin in 2023?

  • 281 million people

  • 3.6% of the world’s population

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2

Why are most figures of migration estimated?

  • Lack of uniformity among countries

  • Makes it difficult to obtain accurate, reliable, and comparative statistics

  • Due to undocumented, illegal, migrations

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3

According to Eurostat, which EU country had the largest net migration in 2013? By how much?

  • Italy

  • 1.18 million net gain

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4

In 2021, how many migrants from India were living in the UK?

839,000

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5

In 2021, how many migrants from the UK were living in Australia?

1.3 million

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6

In 2019, how many people born in the UK were living abroad? What are the main reasons for this?

  • Almost 1 million

  • Employment opportunities

  • Retirement

  • Family reunification

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7

In 2022, how many foreign-born people were living in the UK? What proportion of them are female?

  • 9.6 million

  • 51%

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8

How significant is ethnic diversity among immigrants in London?

  • Wide range of ethnic diversity

  • London has the largest number of immigrants (36.2%) in the UK

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9

How many Syrians arrived in Italy by sea in 2014? Why?

  • 42,000

  • Escaping conflict

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10

According to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), how many died during sea crossings in 2014?

Just over 3,000

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11

What is a major migration route from Africa to Europe?

From Libyan ports to Italy’s southernmost point

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12

According to Eurostat, how many people moved from one EU country to another in 2021? What was the statistic for Germany?

  • Approx 3.8 million

  • Germany = 422,000 migrants moved from another EU state to Germany

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13

According to Eurostat, how many moved from one EU country to another outside the EU?

1.7 million

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14

Why have there been such intra-regional (within) flows of migration?

  • Partly due to the Schengen Agreement allowing freedom of movement

  • EU expansion

  • Economic motivations

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15

How has EU expansion increased intra-regional (within) migrant flows?

  • Increased potential number of migrants

  • EU countries have relatively high proportion of working age groups seeking employment

  • Attracted by higher wages elsewhere within the EU

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16

What is the Poland → UK example of the economic motivations of intra-regional (within) migrant flows?

  • Polish accession to the EU in 2004

  • Stimulated new wave of migration to the UK

  • Polish migrants attracted by greater employment opportunities, higher wages, etc.

  • 2013: 660,000 Poles living in the UK

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17

What is the UK → Poland example of the economic motivations of intra-regional (within) migrant flows?

  • 2013: 40,000 UK national migrants living in Poland

  • Typically business professionals

  • Potential Polish business market was attractive and open to innovation

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18

What is the relationship between migration and level of development?

  • Can be positive process for stability, economic growth, and socio-economic change

  • Can cause inequalities in levels of development

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19

What is the importance of migrant remittances?

  • For LIDCs and EDCs, remittances make up a greater proportion of GDP

  • Significant to their economy and development

  • Nepal = LIDC → remittances make up 28.8% of GDP

  • USA = AC → remittances make up less than 0.1% of GDP

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20

How does migration promote stability?

  • Remittances → contribute to the economic stability of the recipient country

  • Returning migrants return with new ideas and values → contribute to peacebuilding

  • Youthful population → can create a more balanced age structure

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21

How does migration promote economic growth?

  • Migrants stimulate local economies → creating new demands for food, clothing, and music

  • Migrants can fill skill gaps and shortages in the labour market

  • Migrant remittances → supplement household income → provide funds for local investment → stimulate local multiplier effect

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22

How does migration promote development?

Skills and knowledge gained by returning migrants = beneficial to country of origin

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23

How can global migration promote stability, growth, and development within and between countries?

  • The transfer of resources is significant in promoting stability, growth, and development

  • Global migration → diffusion of ideas, information, and values → social remittances back to country of origin

  • Values of democracy and other norms of behaviour

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24

How can migration cause inequalities?

  • The better educated migrate elsewhere → brain drain

  • Migrant remittances → increase inequalities between families who receive them and families who don’t

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25

How can migration cause injustices?

  • Social conflict can develop between host communities and new migrants

  • Immigrant populations concentrated in one area → pressure put on health, education, and housing

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26

How can migration cause injustices?

  • Migrants = vulnerable to violations of their human rights due to forced labour, exploitation of women, and human trafficking

  • Treatment of asylum seekers → held in detention camps

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27

How severe are refugee camps as areas of potential conflict?

  • The ‘Jungle’ refugee camp outside of Calais.

  • Contained over 3000 migrants in February 2016

  • Terrible conditions

  • Mostly unaccompanied young males

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28

What is the result of globalisation on migration?

Intensified globalisation → increasing complexity of global migration → new migration corridors have opened

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29

What new flows of inter-regional migration have emerged?

  • Migration of highly skilled workers from China, India, and Brazil → USA for higher salaries and better QOL.

  • Migration of workers from India, Bangladesh + Pakistan → oil-producing Gulf States and Saudi Arabia → attracted by demand for labour and potential for remittances.

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30

What new flows of intra-regional migration have emerged?

  • Rapid increase of international migrant stock among ASEAN member states → migration of low-skilled, undocumented migrants seeking higher wages in fast growing economies.

  • Return migrants = high proportion of migrant flows within the EU → young workers have gained education and return to home country for prestigious position

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31

What new flows of internal migration have emerged?

  • Internal migrant flows within EDCs (e.g. India) → created agglomerations of economic activity near large urban centres.

  • Rural-urban migration = reinforced.

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32

What is the main reason for such a high concentration of young workers?

  • Economic → greater employment opportunities, higher wages, and possibility of remittance.

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33

What is an example of young labour-driven migration?

  • Demand for workers in oil-producing countries, i.e. UAE.

  • Number of foreign-born residents in UAE increased dramatically from 2.45 million (2000) → 8.5 million (2019).

  • Flows dominated by young males working in construction → only 3.6% of migrants were employed in UAEs health sectors.

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34

How has female migration increased in the 21st century?

  • Increase in the number of women and girl migrants

  • 2019 = 51% of all migrants in developed countries were female.

  • Regionally, except for Africa and Asia, international migration has exceeded that of men.

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35

How does greater status of women explain increased female migration?

  • Last 2 decades, growth due to greater independence, status, and freedom, and increasing importance as main income earners.

  • 2013 = 101 countries in which the female international migrant stock was greater than that of men

  • Highest = Latvia (60.8%)

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36

How does the significance of highly-skilled women explain increased female migration?

  • Growing significance in the migration of highly skilled women.

  • Tertiary migrants in OECD countries increased by 80%

  • Main destinations = countries with less discrimination in labour market + better female rights.

  • USA, Canada, UK, etc.

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37

How have flows in the South-South corridor increased?

  • 2013 = South-South corridor = 82.3 million migrants + 36% of global migrant stock.

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38

What are the reasons for the increase of South-South corridors?

  • Labour migration → 2/3 of remittances were sent between southern countries (2013)

  • Bangladesh-India corridor has the world’s largest bilateral flow of 3.3 million migrants.

  • Increase in refugees → 2.3 million migrated from Afghanistan to Pakistan.

  • Number of fast-growing economies in the South

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39

What is Burkina-Faso like?

  • Landlocked

  • LIDC

  • GDP of US$820 per head

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40

What is the Ivory Coast like?

  • Lower-middle income country

  • World’s largest exporter of cocoa

  • GDP of US$1,1716 per head (2018)

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41

How many migrants from Burkina Faso live in the Ivory Coast in 2018? Vice versa?

  • 244,000 Ivorians living in Burkina Faso.

  • Almost 1 million Burkinabé’s living in the Ivory Coast

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42

What are the reasons for migration to the Ivory Coast?

  • Employment opportunities + higher wages available due to cocoa and coffee plantations in the Ivory Coast.

  • Former French colonialism in both countries → shared language, currency, culture → made migration easier.

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43

How many migrants are involved in the Myanmar to Thailand migrant corridor?

  • Largest ASEAN migrant corridor

  • 1.9 million migrants.

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44

What is the attraction of Thailand for migrants from Myanmar?

  • Southeast Asia’s fastest growing economy

  • Has shortages in agriculture, fishing, and construction industries.

  • Introduced a legal minimum daily wage of US$9 → ten times that of Myanmar

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45

What are the reasons for migration from Myanmar to Thailand?

  • Employment opportunities + higher wage

  • Geographical proximity

  • Freer flow of labour

  • Many are refugees from the Myanmar government → escaping forced labour in government development projects, i.e. railway construction.

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46

How has the number of refugees increased? What country was the main source in 2019?

  • Refugees worldwide increased from 15.7 million (2012) → 26 million (2019)

  • Syria = main source in 2019.

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47

In 2019, how many asylum applications were submitted? Where?

  • 2019 = 16.2 million asylum applications submitted

  • Majority in the Russian Federation, Germany, and the USA.

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48

How many refugees are in Lebanon?

209.81 refugees per 1000 residents (2015)

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49

What was the impact of the 2011 Syrian civil war?

  • Major factor in the increase of refugees

  • Led to internal displacement of 6.6 million people and over 5.6 million international refugees.

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50

What was the impact of Syrian refugees on Lebanon?

  • Lebanon overwhelmed by Syrian refugees.

  • January 2015 = government-imposed need for entry visa → Syrians seeking work must be sponsored by a Lebanese individual or company.

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51

What are the main reasons for large numbers of global refugees?

  • Effects of conflict → personal safety, loss, damage, etc.

  • Political persecution

  • Economic hardship

  • Impact of natural hazards

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52

What is the significance of emigration for Pakistan?

  • Pakistan gov = pro-emigration

  • 8 million Pakistanis working abroad → 96% of these are in the Gulf countries.

  • 2017 = migrant remittances amounted to US$20 billion → important to socio-economic development

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53

What does the Pakistan National Emigration Policy aim to do?

  • Promote export of Pakistani manpower abroad

  • Promote positive steps to encourage female participation in overseas employment.

  • Enhance the impact of remittances for development

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54

What is the immigration policy of Canada?

  • Addresses skills gaps in the labour market → new policy = aimed at long-term requirements for engineers, IT specialists, and health-care workers.

  • Potential migrants = ranked on 1,200 point system.

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55

What is Brazil’s current situation?

  • 7th largest economy in the world + leading power in Latin America.

  • Migration has contributed to the economic growth and development.

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56

What are the current patterns of immigration for Brazil?

Rise in international labour migrants attracted by the construction for the 2014 Football World Cup and 2016 Olympics

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57

What are the current patterns of emigration for Brazil?

  • A slowing down of emigration of lower-skilled economic migrants to the USA

  • But increased emigration of highly-skilled workers to USA, Europe, and Japan.

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58

What are the changes in immigration and emigration over time for Brazil?

  • Periods in which Europeans had been attracted to work in the agricultural sector - especially coffee cultivation.

  • USA = Brazil’s largest population overseas (mainly for economic reasons)

  • Many Brazilians of Japanese descent emigrated to Japan → encouraged by employment opportunities

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59

What is the migrational relationship between Brazil and Portugal?

  • Long-standing relationship

  • Brazil was a former portuguese colony

  • Today, Portuguese government still gives special status to Brazilian migrants.

  • For economic migrants, Portugal has become a gateway to the EU

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60

What is the migrational relationship between Brazil and the USA?

  • Low-skilled economic migrants working in the USA can remit a significant amount.

  • Returning migrants, having acquired skills and knowledge, are able to contributed to Brazilian development.

  • Highly skilled Brazilians are increasingly finding opportunities to work in the USA → strong links in education.

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61

What is the migrational relationship between Brazil and Haiti?

  • 2010 earthquake displaced 1.5 million Haitians + 2012 Hurricane Sandy

  • The National Immigration Council for Brazil enables Haitians to obtain visas relatively easy in Haiti → reduces vulnerability to trafficking networks.

  • Haitians attempting to escape political instability.

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62

What is the impact of migration on Brazil’s economic development?

  • Waves of immigration contribute to growth in agriculture and manufacturing sectors.

  • Arrivals of highly skilled professionals have contributed to entrepreneurship and reducing gaps in the labour market.

  • Emigration to the USA, Japan, Portugal, etc. → remittances used by families for housing improvements and education → contributed to development at all scales.

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63

What is the impact of migration on Brazil’s political stability?

  • Brazil has a stable and democratic political system

  • Is a leading member of Mercosur, G20, and OECD

  • Brazil = an important receiver of environmental refugees → stable government that accepts responsibility for their welfare and employment prospects → provide visas and work permits

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64

What is the impact of migration on Brazil’s social equality?

  • UNESCO → there are inequalities in Brazilian society between ethnic groups and housing provision, education, employment, etc.

  • Brazilians of African descent = most affected.

  • Inequalities with poverty in rural areas or favelas.

  • Prejudice and discrimination within labour market against black and indigenous populations → impedes full economic, political, and social development.

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65

In 2018, how many immigrants were living within the USA?

  • 44.7 million immigrants

  • 13.7% of the population.

    • 25% from Mexico.

    • 6% from China

    • 6% from India

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Why is the USA attractive to immigrants?

  • Employment opportunities for both low- and high-skilled workers.

  • Wage differentials and the opportunity to end remittances.

  • Importance of family reunification within the migration policy

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67

In 2018, how many US citizens lived abroad?

4.8 million

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68

What is the USAs migration policy?

  • The Immigration and Naturalisation Act

  • The body of law which governs current immigrant policy.

  • Allows annual worldwide limit of 675,000 permanent immigrants.

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69

What is the USAs immigration policy based on?

  • Reunification of families → 480,000 visas available per year for family members to join US citizens.

  • Admission of migrants with valuable skills

  • Protecting refugees → 2018 = 45,000 visas

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70

What is the migrational relationship between the USA and Mexico?

  • 2018 = over 40 million Mexicans living in the USA

  • 2010 = 738,000 Americans in Mexico.

  • Low-skilled Mexicans, many illegal, contribute to the US economy via working in agriculture, construction, etc.

  • Wages are much higher than in Mexico → provides opportunity for remittances → 2.2% of GDP.

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71

What are the opportunities created by US international migration?

  • Immigrant populations take low-paid jobs which native-born Americans find unattractive.

    • Main employment of Mexicans immigrants = services (29%) and manufacturing (26%)

  • US immigration policy attracts highly-skilled professionals

    • 2018 = main employment of immigrants from both China (54%) and India (76%) was in business and science.

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72

What are the challenges created by US international migration?

  • An estimated 10.9 million unauthorised immigrants (4.9 million Mexicans) live in the USA)

  • Uneven process of integration of immigrant groups into US society.

  • Where immigration populations concentrate and numerous → this puts a strain on resources

    • Adding to demand for water supply in southern California

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73

What is the economic situation in Laos?

  • Landlocked

  • LIDC

  • 73% employed in agriculture.

  • Net migration loss is high = 1.1 migrants per 1000 population (2014)

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74

What are the patterns of emigration and immigration for Laos in 2013?

  • 1.29 million Laos-born migrants lived abroad → mainly in Thailand (930,000)

  • Only 20,000 foreign-born immigrants, mainly Vietnamese, lived in Loaos.

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75

What are the main reasons for Laotian migration to Thailand?

  • Struggles with subsistence farming in laos

  • Daily minimum wage in Thailand is 300 baht compared to 80 baht in Laos

  • For many families, remittances = main source of income in Laos

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76

Why do the Vietnamese migrate to Laos?

Employment opportunities in construction and mining industries

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77

How are Laotian migrants vulnerable?

  • Laos = a source country for human trafficking

  • Young migrants = vulnerable to forced labour and sexual exploitation in Thailand → government policies have been ineffective in preventing this

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78

How is the Laotian government working to reduce the vulnerability of migrants?

  • Work in cooperation with UN agencies.

  • The National Plan of Action for Human Trafficking led by the Lao PDR gov:

  1. Prevention → awareness campaigns, education

  2. Protection → reparation and reintegration for returning migrants, shelters for women

  3. Prosecution → investigation of trafficking networks

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79

What is the migrational relationship between Laos and Thailand?

  • Laos-Thailand Cooperation Committee has been established → Thailand has funded a large health service development and drug treatment centre in Laos.

  • Laos agreed to build rail links between Thailand and Vietnam, including high-speed rail link to China (2012) → opens Laos to development

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80

What are the opportunities of international migration for Laos?

  • Laos-Thailand migration corridor → helps stimulate political and economic cooperation.

  • Bilateral relations with Vietnam → economic cooperation → Vietnam involved in over 400 investment projects in Laos

  • Migrant remittances very important → 22% of Laotian families live well below the poverty line

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81

What are the challenges of international migration for Laos?

  • Most economic migrants from Laos are low-skilled → 21.4% are under 18 at their first migration.

  • Vulnerable to human trafficking, forced labour, and exploitation.

  • Loss of skilled labour to Thailand.

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