Exam 3

oral cavity

contains teeth, tongue and walls of the mouth

salivary glands

lubrications dn amylase

nose

moisturizes and filters inhaled air

Sinuses

connected system of hallow cavities in cranial bones, lines by respiratory mucosa continuous with nose, main function to produce mucus

Pharynx

passageway for air, provides musculature for swallowing, contains opening of eustachian tubes

Larynx

major air passage to the lungs, contains the vocal cords

Epiglottis

folds over the larynx during swallowing to prevent aspiration into the trachea

deglutition

act of swallowing

oropharyngeal

first phase of swallowing, pushes bolus back

esophageal

second phase of swallowing, bolus is in esophagus

gastoesophageal

third phase of swallowing, bolus is now in stomach

dental caries

cavities, acid erodes enamel of tooth

periodontal disease

inflammation of the gums

dental conditions

these are examined through visual and periodic radiologic examination

ear conditions

these are examined with an otoscope

cleft lip and palate

common congenital deformities, multifactorial --\> genetics and environmental, surgical repair

plaque

bacterial accumulation on teeth

tartar

calcified plaque on teeth

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

Periodontitis

inflammation of region around the teeth, gingivitis can lead to this

cold sores

due to herpes simplex virus I

canker sores

Aphthous Stomatitis: painful open sore inside mouth. Not contagious.

upper respiratory infection

most commonly caused by viruses, contagious (airborne), self limiting

sinusitis

inflammation of the respiratory mucosa lining sinus cavities, can be treated with antibiotics or steroid therapy and surgery

allergic rhinitis

hay fever, allergic response to environmental antigens (allergies)

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear, most common in young children and infants, commonly accompanied by irritability and fever

hearing loss

sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, auditory processing disorder

Presbycuis

hearing loss occurring with increasing age, treated with hearing aids or cochlear implants

Carcinoma of the oral cavity

most common primary neoplasm of the head and neck region

obstructive sleep apnea

patient repeatedly stops breathing during sleep, caused by collapse of pharyngeal passages when the patient is relaxed and supine, can be treated with a CPAP machine

alimentary tract

GI tract

pancreaticobiliary tract

liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes

Submucosa

A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes

muscularis propria

Fourth layer of bowel; contains circular and longitudinal fibrous bands.

Serosa

outermost layer of GI tract

Bacteria in GI tract

Facilitate digestion of certain carbohydrates, Produce nutrients such as folate and vitamin K, Influence function of intestinal epithelial cells, Influence development and responsiveness of GI immune system, Metabolize certain drugs to active metabolites

constipation

infrequent and/or difficulty to pass stool

diarrhea

abnormally frequent and loose stools

Viral enteritis

also known as intestinal flu or stomach flu

heamatemesis

vomiting blood

melena

Black tarry stool

hematochezia

blood in stool

Congenital pyloric stenosis

narrowing of outlet of distal stomach resulting from hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter, projectile vomiting after feeding beings 2 to 4 weeks after birth, occurs almost exclusively in boys

Hirschsprung disease

lack of ganglion cells in rectum results in defective bowel movement and mega - colon, suspected in infants with chronic constipation and distended abdomen, requires surgical removal of a ganglionic segment and reattachment of normal bowel

Hernias

bulging of organ or tissue through an abdominal opening, if trapped may get ischemic and infarct

inguinal hernia

out pouching of abdominal content into groin, danger of bowel strangulation, surgical repaid recommended before complications occur, much more common in men

Reflux Esophagatis

reflux of gastric acid, GERD and LPR

barrets esophagus

metaplasia, normal epithelia tranformed into a different type

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)

reflux more than two times a week

gastritis

acute injury to gastric mucosa caused by agents that compromise the protective mucous barrier lying over the epithelial cells

Heliobacter pylori

bacteria that causes most ulcers

Peptic Ulcer Disease

a break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum

malabsorption

failure to digest and/or absorb food, caused by disease processes that impair enzyme activity and absorption of nutrients across the gastrointestinal epithelium

lactose intolerance

The inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose

celiac disease

Autoimmune disorder of the small intestine; villi are damaged as a result of eating gluten.

entercolitis

inflammation of the colon and small intestine

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix, right lower quadrant, peritonitis

Chrohn's disease

chronic inflammatory process involving any portion of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus

ulverative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon

Diverticulitis

inflammation of the diverticula

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum, once healed may produce adhesions

esophageal carcinoma

cancerous tumor of the esophagus, poor prognosis: tends to invade and metastasize early

gastric carcinoma

Worldwide as deadly as lung cancer, Risk Factors: Chronic gastritis, Diet high in salt-preserved food/low in fruit and vegetables.

Usually asymptomatic until advanced.

colon cancer

begins with polyps on the lining of the colon, treatment include radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery, survival rates depend on age, treatment response, stage of cancer diagnosis

hepatocytes

functional cells of the liver

liver sinusoids

specialized capillaries that are more leaky to move proteins across

Kupffer cells

macrophages in the liver

Synthesis of urea

breakdown products of acids

Bilirubin metabolism

hemoglobin --\> heme --\> bilirubin --\> excreted in the liver

Choleliths

gallstones

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

jaundice

often symptomatic of liver or gallbladder problem

biliary colic

severe right upper quadrant and flank pain caused by obstruction of biliary ductal system by stones

steatorrhea

fat in the feces

hepatomegaly

enlargement of the liver

hepatitis A

fecal oral transmission, acute, vaccine, rare fatalities, does not become a carrier

hepatitis B

can cause acute illness, can be chronic, transmitted through contact with infected blood, fetus in utero or during vaginal delivery, vaccine

hepatitis C

spread from blood to blood contact, mostly chronic, no vaccine, DAA drugs available

hepatitis D

Depends on hepatitis B for replication

Hepatitis E

fecal oral transmission, epidemic in india

chemical injury to liver

Virtually all pharmaceutical drugs have been linked to hepatic injury, Can be predictable or idiosyncratic, Patients with severe acute or chronic liver disease are more susceptible to toxic hepatic injury

fatty liver disease

accumulation of fat in the liver, most common causes are alcohol and obesity

cholelithiasis

gallstones in the gallbladder or biliary tree, 50% require surgery, women more than men, cholesterol --\> more common or pigmented

liver neoplasm

Primary: Hepatocellular Carcinoma, complications of chronic hepatitis, Metastatic: Most liver neoplasm has metastasized to liver from somewhere else (colon, lung, breast)

Poor prognosis.

Cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver, failure to metabolize estrogen and ammonia, excretory failure, build up of ammonia

Hepatic encephalopathy

Deterioration of brain function characterized by impaired consciousness, confusion, disorientation, and eventually coma --\> from accumulation of toxic substances in blood that are normally detoxified and excreted in the liver

Alcoholic liver disease

A degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages: (1) fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis.

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas, severe upper abdominal pain, acute and chronic

chronic pancreatitis

fibrosis of pancreatic tissue, symptoms--\> malabsorption, steatorrhea, hemorrhage

Pancreatitis diagnosis

elevated amylase/lipase, US, CT

Pancreatitis treatment

limit activity of gland, become NPO

pancreatic cancer

a life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas

pancreatic cancer risk factors

African American males, *Smoking* (most significant!!!), Obesity, Exposure to industrial chemicals, environmental toxins , Diet high in meats and fats, family history, heavy alcohol intake

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

Filtration

A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.

reapsorption

Take back of filtrate, into peritubular capillaries