PATHFIT MIDTERM REVIEWER

Physical Education

is an integral part of the education program purposely to promote optimum development of an individual

Physical Development

attainment of physical skills, maintain good health, high level of physical fitness, improved growth and development.

Social Development

provide opportunities for the development of enviable social traits.

Mental Development

develops mental capacities, obtains knowledge and understanding, enhances critical thinking how activities are done.

Emotional Development

offers opportunities for selfexpression and emotional mastery.

Article 1 and Article XIV

Legal Bases of Physical Education

skeletal system

provides support and protection for the body's internal organs while also serving as an attachment point for muscles.

Bones

provides structure and protection to bodies

300 bones

how many bones are in babies?

206

how many bones are in adult?

Ossification

process of bone formation

tendon

fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

ligaments

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Cartilage

strong, flexible tissue that protects your joints and bones

long bones, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones

principal types of bones

axiel skeleton

central skeleton that protects and supports vital organs

skull

surrounds and shields the brain, brainstem, and eyes from external forces. It contains 22 bones, composing of cranial and facial bones.

hyoid

protects the esophagus

trunk

central part of body, consists of vertebral column, sternum and ribs

appendicular skeleton

facilitates movement and provides attachment joint

upper and lower extremities

two parts of appendicular skeleton

clavicle

collar bone

humerus, radius, ulna

parts of arm bones

arm bones

serves essential movements and roles in supporting the upper limb

scapula

shoulder blade

carpals

wrist bones

metacarpals

palm bones

phalanges

fingers bones

sternum

shield heart and stomach

chest bones

protect vital organ

spine

provides structural support for the entire body

pelvis

consists of three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubic bone

femur

strongest and longest bone in the body

patella

kneecap

tibia

which is longer and thicker, bears weight and articulates the femur

fibula

serves as an attachment point for leg muscles

foot

includes the tarsal, metatarsals and phalanges

650

The human body is composed of how many individual muscles

Muscular System

Give shape to the different parts of the body, Provide movement for the body

excitable, contractile, extensibility, elasticity

Characteristics of Muscles

Movement, Heat Production, Posture and Stability, Respiration, Digestion, Circulation

Functions of the Muscular System

excitement → action → movement → relaxation

How muscles work?

Involuntary muscles, Voluntary muscles

Types of Muscles

SMOOTH, CARDIAC, SKELETAL MUSCLES

Types of Muscle Tissue

SMOOTH MUSCLES

an involuntary muscle found in the internal organs and blood vessels.

CARDIAC MUSCLES

an involuntary muscle found only in the heart. They help your heart pump blood throughout your body.

SKELETAL MUSCLES

a voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton, comprise 30 to 40% of your total body mass.

Type I

red muscle which produces a small amount of force

Type IIa

pink muscle which produces a medium amount of force

Type IIx

white muscle which produces a large amount of force

deltoid

is responsible for the abduction of the shoulder

FRONTALIS

a muscle which covers parts of the forehead of the skull and is also responsible for facial expressions.

PECTORALIS MAJOR

responsible for the adduction of the shoulder (moving the arm towards the body) and the shoulder horizontal flexion (moving the arm forwards in front of the body).

BICEP

are responsible for flexing the elbow (bending the arm)

external obliques

are responsible for trunk rotation (twisting the body).

RECTUS ABDOMINIS

also known as the "abdominal muscle" a muscle in the front of the abdomen that helps with breathing, coughing, and crunches.

hip flexors

are responsible for hip flexion (moving the knee up to the chest).

quadriceps

are responsible for extending the knee (straightening it).

tibialis anterior

is responsible for dorsiflexion of the ankle (bringing the toes up in the direction of the shin).

TRAPEZIUS

large, paired trapezoid-shaped surface muscle, It moves the scapula and supports the arm.

Triceps

are responsible for extending the elbow (straightening it)

Latissimus dorsi

are responsible for shoulder adduction (moving the arm towards the body) .

gluteus maximus

is responsible for hip extension (moving the leg backwards)

hamstrings

are responsible for flexing the knee (bending the leg).

gastrocnemius

is responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing the toes downwards).

circulatory system

transport blood, oxygen and nutrients to the body

heart, blood vessels and blood

three main part of circulatory system

5 liters

average person has how many liters of blood

red blood cells

carry oxygen and nutrients, represents 40-45% of your blood volume

white blood cells

fights diseases and protect body from infection, 1% of your blood

platelets

help the clotting process, controls bleeding

plasma

yellowish colored, lightest blood

blood vessels

tubes or channels that carry blood throughout our body

artery

thickest wall of all three blood vessels, supplies blood to all organs

capillary

thinnest wall that allow substances such as oxygen and sugars into or out of the blood

vein

less muscular and stretchy, carries oxygen poor blood and return it to the heart

sickle cell disease

is an inherited blood disorder. People with SCD have red blood cells that become hard and sticky, forming a C-shaped blood cell instead of the healthy disc- shaped one.

respiratory system

move air into the body and remove waste products. Body cells require oxygen for respiration.

Nose

Air makes its initial entrance to the body through the opening in the _______ called the nostrils.

Pharynx

carries air into the respiratory tract and foods and liquids into the digestive system.

Larynx

(voice box) is located between pharynx and trachea. It has a framework of cartilage that protrudes in the front of the neck and some tissues is referred to as the Adam’s apple.

Trachea

It’s often called the "windpipe," is like a special tube in your throat. Its job is to conduct air between the larynx and the lungs allowing you to breathe and talk.

Bronchi

They are like the branches of a tree inside your lungs. They let the air go inside your lungs.

Bronchioles

bronchus divides into smaller tubes called __________, which the air passes through.

Alveoli

are air sacs which facilitate gas exchange.

Lungs

They extract the oxygen your body needs when you breath in. When you breathe out, they take out the carbon dioxide.

Diaphragm

It is a dome-shaped muscle that helps you breathe. It helps your lungs expand and fill with air and contract when it exhales the air out.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two body parts (e.g., bending the elbow).

Extension

Increasing the angle between two body parts (e.g., straightening the elbow).

Adduction

Moving a body part toward the midline (e.g., lowering the arms back to the sides)

Medial Rotation

Rotating a body part toward the midline (e.g., turning the thigh inward).

Lateral Rotation

Rotating a body part away from the midline (e.g., turning the thigh outward).

Circumduction

A circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., moving the arm in a circular motion).

Pronation

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down or backward

Supination

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up or forward

Elevation

Moving a body part superiorly (e.g., shrugging the shoulders)

Depression

Moving a body part inferiorly (e.g., lowering the shoulders).

Dorsiflexion

Raising the foot upwards (toes toward the shin).

Plantarflexion

Pointing the toes downwards (away from the shin)

Opposition

Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips.