Respiratory System Flashcards

Flashcards for respiratory system lecture notes

Respiratory Diverticulum

Develops from foregut at 4 weeks gestation

Retinoid Acid (RA)

Signals that induce respiratory diverticulum development

Endoderm

Germ layer that initiates the epithelial lining of the respiratory system.

Tracheoesophageal Ridges

Form and fuse to divide the foregut into the dorsal esophagus and ventral trachea.

TEF and EA

Clinical correlations relating to the trachea and esophogus.

Development of the Larynx

Lined by endoderm but muscles and cartilage from 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

3

Number of secondary bronchi in the right lung

2

Number of secondary bronchi in the left lung

Mesoderm

Form visceral and parietal pleura

Pseudoglandular Phase

Phase of lung maturation where only terminal bronchioles are present.

Terminal Sac Phase

Phase of lung maturation where primitive alveoli form.

Alveolar Phase

Phase of lung maturation where mature alveoli develop.

Surfactant

Produced by type II alveolar cells; reduces surface tension and is essential for lung inflation.

Surfactant in amniotic fluid

Activates macrophages leading to prostaglandin production and uterine contractions.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Result of surfactant deficiency; induces alveolar collapse.

Nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

Conducting portion structures of the respiratory tract

Ciliated columnar, goblet, brush, small granule, basal

Cell types in the respiratory epithelium

Paranasal Sinuses

Functions to voice resonance, mucus drainage and lightens head

Alveolar Ducts, Sacs and Alveoli

Site of gas exchange

Nasal Cavities

Two large air filled spaces in the uppermost part of the respiratory system

Nasopharynx

Lies behind the nasal cavities and above the soft palate

Larynx

Hollow tubular organ containing cartilaginous framework responsible for producing sounds

Trachea

Flexbile air tube extending from larynx to thorax, serves as conductor of air

Alveolar Ducts

Elongated airways that connect respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

Alveolar Sacs

Spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

Respiratory Region

The largest part of the nasal cavities and is lined by respiratory mucosa

Olfactory Region

Located at the apex of each nasal cavity and is lined by specialized olfactory mucosa

3 lobes, 10 segments

Right lung divisions

2 lobes, 8 segments

Left lung divisions

Irregular Cartilage Plates

Replace cartilage rings in the bronchi

Bronchioles

No cartilage or glands present

Respiratory Bronchioles

Transition zone for air conduction and gas exchange

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

Major role in forming the air-blood barrier

Type II Alveolar Cells

Secretion of surfactant, progenitor cells for type 1 cells

Alveolar Macrophages

Removal of particulate matter and pathogens within the alveoli

DPPC

Prevents alveolar collapse

Cystic Fibrosis

Autosomal recessive disorder mutation of gene CFTR on chromosome 7

Pleura

Serous membrane covering lungs and thoracic cavity

Visceral Pleura

Covers lung surface

Parietal Pleura

Lines thoracic cavity walls

Pneumothorax

Air in pleural cavity leads to lung collapse

Pleural Effusion

Fluid in pleural space

Mediastinum

Central thoracic compartment between pleural sacs

Larynx

Connects oropharynx to trachea, functions to airway passage and phonation

Vocal Folds

Vibrate to produce sound

Ventricular Folds

Above ventricle, contribute to resonance not phonation

Laryngitis

Acute viral infection of the larynx

Trachea

Form larynx to thorax, divides into main bronchi

C-Shaped Hyaline Cartilages

Prevent collapse during expiration

Basal Cells

Stem cell population, replace other cell types