Chapter 26 Bacteria and Archaea

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96 Terms

1

Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes lacking membrane-bound nucleus.

<p>Unicellular prokaryotes lacking membrane-bound nucleus.</p>
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2

Archaea

Prokaryotes with distinct plasma membranes and cell walls.

<p>Prokaryotes with distinct plasma membranes and cell walls.</p>
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3

Prokaryotes

Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus.

<p>Organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus.</p>
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4

Microbiome

Community of microbes inhabiting a specific area.

<p>Community of microbes inhabiting a specific area.</p>
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5

Extremophiles

Prokaryotes thriving in extreme environments.

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6

Koch's Postulates

Criteria linking specific microbes to specific diseases.

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7

Germ Theory

Theory stating some diseases are caused by microbes.

<p>Theory stating some diseases are caused by microbes.</p>
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8

Pathogens

Bacteria causing illness in humans.

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9

Bioremediation

Use of microbes to clean up environmental contaminants.

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10

Habitat Diversity

Variety of environments where bacteria and archaea thrive.

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11

Marine Archaea

Over 10,000 individuals per mL in seawater.

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12

Microbiology

Study of microbes including bacteria and archaea.

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13

Antibiotics

Substances that inhibit bacterial ribosome function.

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14

Human Microbiome

Microbes residing on and within the human body.

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15

Fossil Record

Oldest fossils are 3.5 billion years old.

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16

Eukarya

Third major domain of life, includes multicellular organisms.

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17

Hydrothermal Vents

Extreme habitats where some extremophiles are found.

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18

Phytophthora infestans

Pathogen responsible for potato famine.

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19

Infectious Diseases

Diseases spread by microbes through various transmission methods.

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20

Microbial Abundance

Bacteria and archaea dominate total life-form volume.

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21

Enzymes

Proteins used in industrial processes at extreme conditions.

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22

Transmission Methods

Ways infectious diseases spread among hosts.

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23

Virulence

Ability of an organism to cause disease.

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24

Heritable trait

Characteristic that can be passed to offspring.

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25

Pathogenic strains

Bacteria capable of causing disease.

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26

Escherichia coli

Bacteria with both pathogenic and harmless strains.

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27

Virulence genes

Genes that enhance pathogenicity in bacteria.

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28

E. coli O157:H7

Pathogenic strain harmful to humans.

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29

Endospores

Dormant structures formed under environmental stress.

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30

Thick-walled structure

Characteristic of endospores for protection.

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31

Resistant to stressors

Endospores withstand heat, UV, and antibiotics.

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32

Resume growth

Endospores reactivate in favorable conditions.

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33

Antibiotics

Molecules that kill or inhibit bacterial growth.

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34

Natural production

Antibiotics produced by soil bacteria and fungi.

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35

Drug resistance

Bacteria evolve to survive antibiotic treatment.

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36

Biofilms

Bacterial colonies protected by a polysaccharide matrix.

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37

Bioremediation

Use of microbes to clean polluted environments.

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38

Water pollutants

Toxic substances that do not dissolve in water.

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39

Fertilizing contaminated sites

Encouraging growth of bacteria in polluted areas.

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40

Seeding

Adding specific bacteria to enhance bioremediation.

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41

Clostridium difficile

Bacteria known for endospore formation.

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42

Enrichment Cultures

Isolate cells growing under specific laboratory conditions.

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43

Thermophiles

Microbes that thrive in high-temperature environments.

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44

Metagenomics

Environmental sequencing to identify species via DNA.

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45

Prokaryotic Diversity

Variety of prokaryotic organisms in different habitats.

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46

Human Microbiome

Community of microbes inhabiting the human body.

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47

Gut Microbiome

100 trillion bacteria and archaea in the gut.

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48

Symbiotic Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes that benefit human health and function.

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49

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Condition linked to changes in gut microbiome.

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50

Obesity

Health issue associated with gut microbiome alterations.

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51

Molecular Phylogenetics

Study of evolutionary relationships using molecular data.

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52

16S rRNA

RNA used to study bacterial phylogenetics.

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53

18S rRNA

RNA used to study eukaryotic phylogenetics.

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54

Tree of Life

Phylogenetic tree representing evolutionary relationships.

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55

Carl Woese

Scientist who analyzed rRNA for phylogenetic studies.

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56

Monophyletic Groups

Clades representing a common ancestor in phylogeny.

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57

Clades

Lineages derived from a common ancestor.

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58

Three Domains Hypothesis

Life divided into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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59

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus.

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60

Eukaryotes

Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus.

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61

Morphological Characteristics

Physical traits used in phylogenetic analysis.

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62

Molecular Characteristics

Genetic traits used in phylogenetic analysis.

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63

Genetic Variation

Diversity in genetic traits among organisms.

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64

Gene Transfer

Movement of genetic material between organisms.

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65

Lateral Gene Transfer

Acquisition of traits not via reproduction.

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66

Transformation

DNA uptake from environment by bacteria.

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67

Transduction

DNA transfer via viruses between prokaryotes.

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68

Conjugation

Direct transfer of genetic material between cells.

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69

Plasmid Transfer

Transfer of plasmids during conjugation.

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70

Morphological Diversity

Variation in size, shape, and arrangement of bacteria.

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71

Gram Stain

Dyeing technique to classify bacterial cell walls.

<p>Dyeing technique to classify bacterial cell walls.</p>
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72

Gram-positive Cells

Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layers, appear purple.

<p>Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layers, appear purple.</p>
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73

Gram-negative Cells

Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan, appear pink.

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74

Metabolic Diversity

Variety of metabolic pathways in bacteria and archaea.

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75

Phototrophs

Organisms using light for ATP production.

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76

Chemoorganotrophs

Organisms oxidizing organic molecules for energy.

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Chemolithotrophs

Organisms oxidizing inorganic molecules for energy.

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78

Autotrophs

Organisms synthesizing compounds from simple materials.

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79

Heterotrophs

Organisms obtaining compounds from their environment.

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80

Cellular Respiration

Process of generating ATP through electron transport.

<p>Process of generating ATP through electron transport.</p>
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81

Fermentation

ATP production without electron transport chains.

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82

Photophosphorylation

ATP synthesis using light energy.

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83

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis using water as electron source.

<p>Photosynthesis using water as electron source.</p>
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84

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis without producing oxygen.

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85

Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.

<p>Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms.</p>
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86

Nitrogen Cycle

Movement of nitrogen through ecosystems.

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87

Nitrate Pollution

Environmental impact from excess nitrates in water.

<p>Environmental impact from excess nitrates in water.</p>
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88

Actinobacteria

Filamentous bacteria important for decomposition.

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89

Chlamydiae

Least diverse bacteria, live as parasites.

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90

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria producing oxygen and organic matter.

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91

Firmicutes

Bacteria aiding digestion and causing diseases.

<p>Bacteria aiding digestion and causing diseases.</p>
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92

Proteobacteria

Diverse bacteria involved in nitrogen cycling.

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93

Spirochaetes

Corkscrew-shaped bacteria, some are pathogens.

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94

Crenarchaeota

Archaea thriving in extreme environments.

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95

Euryarchaeota

Archaea living in diverse habitats.

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96

Thaumarchaeota

Ancient archaeal lineage abundant in various environments.

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