immunologic & hematologic systems

blood

is responsible for delivering oxygen & nourishment to all cells of the body & carrying away waste & carbon dioxide to be expelled

Plasma

is roughly 90 percent water, liquid component of blood, helps maintain blood pressure & volume

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

autoimmune disorder resulting in reduced blood platelet levels

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)

this autoimmune disorder affects the peripheral nervous system & can lead to weakening of the arms & legs & possibly paralysis

hemophilia A

a genetic bleeding disorder cause by insufficient levels of a protein call factor VIII

hemophilia B

a genetic bleeding disorder caused by insufficient levels of a protein called factor IX. this is a rarer condition than hemophilia A

Von Willebrand disease

a bleeding disorder in which your blood does not clot properly.

bone marrow

is a spongy tissue inside of the bones.

erythrocytes

are red blood cells. their primary function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all of the cells of the body & carry carbon dioxide back to be exhaled.

platelets

are the cells that form blood clots

hemostasis

a process called coagulation, & stop bleeding 

fibrin

a thread- like structure that forms the external clot or scab

thrombocytosis

having too many platelets

thrombocytopenia

refers to a condition where there is a deficiency in the number of platelets

leukocytes

(white blood cells) essential for a healthy immune system. prevent & fight infection.

granulocytes

collective name for three different types of white blood cells & are named for the visible granules in the cytoplasm when stained.

the 3 granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,

neutrophils

(most common) they identify the site of infection & destroy the microorganism by ingesting them & releasing enzymes to kill them.

eosinophils

these are the cells used to combat parasitic infection & are also involved in some allergic reactions & cancers

basophils

(least common) cell releases enzymes to dilate the blood vessels when an allergen is identified to improve blood flow to attempt to flush the allergen out

monocytes

are stored in the bone marrow & have a short life span of around 24 hours when released into the blood.

lymphocytes

cells are found in the blood & in the lymph tissues of the body & are part of your body’s adaptive immune system

there are two types of lymphocytes

B-cell lymphocytes,  T cell lymphocytes

B cell lymphocytes

encounter a foreign antigen they rapidly multiply forming plasma cells which neutralize the threat by creating a protein called an antibody,

T cell lymphocytes

these cells originate from the blood marrow but mature & multiply in the thymus gland.

Helper T cells

secrete a chemical called cytokine to stimulate the formation of plasma cells to create antibodies

Regulatory T Cells

help control immune reactions to prevent the immune system from becoming overactive 

Cytotoxic T-Cells

activated by cytokine, kill foreign cells, & cancer cells

specific immunity

is the acquired immune system & is developed over the course of your lifetime.

nonspecific immunity

is the innate immune system with which we are born (skin, cilia, mucus, coughing & sneezing, phagocytes)

skin

This is the first line of defense from many outside threats 

cilia

these are tiny hairlike structures attached to some cells that sweep impurities out of the body

mucus

traps foreign materials

coughing & sneezing

physical reflexes used to expel impurities

phagocytes

the cells responsible for engulfing & removing microbes. three main types of phagocytes are (neutrophils, monocytes, & macrophages)

autoimmune disease

are those in which the body has an immune response to its own tissues, causing it to attack healthy cells in the body. 

the body’s immune system

is designed to keep it safe from harm

Type 1 diabetes

caused by the immune system attacking cells of the pancreas. (example of an organ-specific autoimmune disease)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, & blood vessels. (Multisystem autoimmune disease)

immunodeficiency

a decrease in the body’s ability to fight infection & other diseases. (B cell deficiencies, T cell deficiencies, Combination B & T cell deficiencies, defective phagocytes, complement deficiencies, idiopathic)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

is acquired from an infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

can be contracted most commonly by sexual contact, sharing of drug injection equipment, blood transfusions, or through the placenta from mother to fetus.

Kaposi sarcoma

a rare form of cancer that most commonly affects people with immunodeficiency.

Thrush

caused by a fungal infection of the fungus Candida, this is identified by white raised lesions in the mouth & can be irritating or painful. 

Pneumonia

can be caused by viral, fungal, or bacterial infection

the immune system is comprised in two parts 

the innate immune system & the adaptive immune system 

at birth

all the body’s bone marrow is red bone marrow

as we age about 50 percent

of the red bone marrow is replaced by fatty yellow bone marrow.

the red bone marrow functions

as a factory that produces the different types of blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis

hemoglobin

which consists of a protein complex made up of heme & globin

anemia

a condition where the body lacks enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to the bodys tissues

red blood cells are

by far the most numerous cells found in blood. they do wear out after a period of around 120 days and, therefore, must be constantly replaced.

a healthy platelet count

is between 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood

secondary thrombocytosis

which arises due to other chronic conditions such as cancer, infection, inflammation, or anemia

thrombocytopenia

refers to a condition where there is a deficiency in the number of platelets

megakaryocytes

large cells produced in the bone marrow

macrophages

these cells live longer & eliminate infected cells, also help remove dead cells from your tissues & blood stream

blood cells are produced in

red bone marrow

erythrocyte’s primary function is to

carry oxygen to the body’s tissues

platelets are 

critical to achieving hemostasis

lymphocytes are part of

adaptive immune system

an autoimmune disease is when

the bodys immune system attacks it own healthy cells

epinephrine works to treat anaphylaxis by

reducing airway edema & hypotension with its vasoconstrictive properties

example of autoimmune disease

multiple sclerosis

primary immunodeficiencies are

present at birth