USH1 Midterm Review (Units 1,2,3)

Indentured Servant

a worker typically a
laborer under contract to an employer for a
fixed period of time typically 3-7 years in
exchange for their transportation food clothing
lodging and other necessities This is not slavery

In 1700, the population of
the colonies was

250,000

By 1770 the population was in the colonies
well over

2 million

Two Reasons for Population increase in the colonies

Immigration (1/4 of increase 1700-1770) and Natural Increase (3/4 of increase)

Immigration during 1700-1770 changed

the ethnic/racial landscape

By 1776, due to natural increase, 3/4 of people in the colonies

were born here

Why are 3/4 of people in the colonies being born there significant?

They then stopped identifying themselves as English, weakening ties

New England families practiced

partible inheritance

What was partible inheritance

They subdivided land more or less equally among sons

What happened when parents ran low on land in partible inheritance?

Sons had to move west and south

New england farms were

a place to get by not get rich

substinence farming

raising livestock only to provide for famer and family's basic needs with very little surplus for sale or trade

Grow too much food

Sell it but bad roads made it difficult in northern colonies

Major Northern Colonies exports

Fish 1/3 Livestock and Timber 1/3 Mixed Goods 1/3

Merchants in the Northern colonies dominated

Atlantic Commerce

The biggest English Atlantic (E.A) hub was

Boston then it was NY then Philly

Merchants bought & sold goods & also owned + insured ships that participated in the

Triangular Trade

What did merchants dominating the Atlantic Commerce create

a growing wealth gap between the rich and the poor

Name the Northern Colonies

Connecticut Rhode Island Mass New Hampshire Maine (Part of Mass)

Name the Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania New York New Jersey Delaware

The Middle Colonies were

Religiously Tolerant

The Middle Colonies produced

most of the food for the colonies known as the breadbasket colonies

Important port cities in the Middle Colonies

NYC and Philadelphia

Merchants in the Middle colonies

dominated middle colony cities

Many of the wealthiest merchants in the middle colonies were

quakers

Quaker was a religion devoted to

peace and prosperity

Common traits of Quaker religion included

industry, thrift, honesty, and sobriety

In ____, the lower rank of merchants included a young

1728 Benjamin Franklin

What did young ben do

began printing PRA which reinforced quaker values and made work ethnic/business into a new secular religion

Name the Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia

What was a defining characteristic of the Southern Colonies

Slavery

How was slavery significant to the Southern Colonies

It shaped the economy, physical landscape, politics, society

What were the differences of the Southern colonies

Climate and soil shaped settlement differences

What type of climate in the Southern Colonies made growing cash crops lucrative

good soil and warm climate

What were some of these cash crops grown in the South

tobacco, indigo, rice

Cash crops growth in the South required

large labor force such as indentured servants and slaves

The wealthy planters in the South held most of the

political power and best land

Yeoman farmers were

lower/middle class white men without slaves who worked smaller tracts of land

What was the middle passage

the leg of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were forcibly shipped to the Americas

Voyages were a huge financial risk, and they were generally organized by

companies or groups of investors rather than individuals

Women in Colonial America: social status

determined by the men in their life

Women in Colonial America: legal status

dependents of men and had no legal or political standing

Laws that keep women subordinate:

could not own land could not hold political office or vote could not serve on a jury and were prosecuted more than men for fornication with a double standard for most sexual offenses

Theory of Mercantilism

A country should try to amass as much bullion (gold and silver) as

possible idea that bullion = power

For countries w/o rich mines like Spain the way to obtain more

bullion was through

a favorable balance of trade.

a favorable balance of trade.

The mother country should export > imports

COLONIES WERE THE ANSWER...why?

Because you can

control them.

Through the control of the colonies from Great Britain, what did they get from the colonies

raw materials only from them and colonies buy manufactured goods from the mother country england

Through the control of the colonies from Great Britain, what did they get from the colonies other than raw mats, and manufactured goods from the mother country?

England can also sell to other nations = profit

In the ____, England ________ under a series of laws called

1660s, restricts colonial trade, the Navigation Acts

What were the Navigation Acts designed to do?

designed to make colonies dependent on English

goods and required colonies to sell certain goods (sugar &

tobacco) only to England

What was a downside of the Navigation Acts?

Enforcement was not easy from 3,000 miles away...

Colonies had a Governor appointed by the

King

A colonial legislature of

elected colonists served

under the governor

In THEORY the Royal Governor had

a lot of power:

In PRACTICE the colonial legislature came to

dominate the colonial

government.

how did the colonial legislature in practice dominate the colonial government?

The colonial legislature Passed laws regarding defense and taxation and Elected men who could influence appointment of judges

Why did GB allow the colonists so much flexibility in governing

themselves?

Distance and they were more focused on as long as it profited them and kept them productive

England had a strong tradition of 

of local representative government

GB lacked resources to

enforce all wishes

Many colonists did not mind

obeying the authority of King: as they
LOVED being British subjects and that the BENEFITS (protection, guranteed trade) outweighed the DRAWBACKS (restrictions on manufacturing and trade)

The existing political economy was

working well

What were the two colonies’ unifying experiences?

Economic (Produced raw goods exclusively for GB(Navigations Acts)  bought manufactured goods from GB)

and british identity at the frontier/border (All colonies answered to the British Crown, All faced problems with NAs, French and Spanish and felt GB should protect them)

Reaction to ENG Expansion: Native Americans

1. White settlers forced NAs to

   relocate onto other NA tribal

   lands.

2. created inter-tribal tension

   -> NA resistance to white

   settlement & trade partners

3. Problem: could not unify

   tribes.

Reaction to ENG Expansion: French

1. Economically bothered. GB

creeping on FR traders

2. Began sending troops to

   forts along the major rivers

3. In a few cases, disputes

   between GB settlers and FR

   trade posts resulted in

   exchanges of gunfire

GW: Sent by ____ to ask

VA Gov, FR to leave Ohio Valley

More than _____ FR soldiers attacked with NAs → __ of GW’s men killed, resulting in defeat

600, 1/3

What was the clear message from Washington’s defeat to the French and Indians

The French would not depart from the disputed territory

In _____, ___ became Prime minister of GB

1756, William Pitt

What did William Pitt convince parliament to do?

raise taxes and borrow huge sums of money to win the war

By ____, the price tag of _________ was working.

1758, 146,000,000 pound

How was this new price tag of borrowed money working for GB?

Army/navy better prepared (better led/fed/outfitted) and Could overwhelm the FR and Indians

18th Cent. European Military Tactics

GB suffered early losses because they fought in

the open/straight lines, Whereas FR and NAs hid behind trees and rocks (guerilla warfare)

guerilla warfare

- a member of a small independent

group taking part in irregular fighting,

typically against larger regular forces

Quebec 1759 was a

symbolic victory

Treaty of Paris 1763:

FR gave GB all of it’s North

American land claims

GB’s View of War after it ended

1. GB credited their massive

army with winning the war →

felt colonists didn’t provide

enough support

2. PM Pitt felt that colonial

   smuggling during the war gave

   FR the extra funds needed to

   prolong the war

3. These American traders, GB

   grumbled, were traitors

Colonists’ view of war after it ended

1. Colonist felt they did their part (most of the early fighting and

dying)

2. British soldiers treated them

   poorly

3. Criticized the European way of

   fighting

4. Unhappy that GB kept 10,000

   soldiers in America to guard

   against future threats

   (SALUTARY NEGLECT)

Pontiac’s Rebellion was in

1763

Proclamation

Line

of 1763 was made to

minimize the violence

(Pontiac’s Rebellion) the

line temporarily

FORBADE colonists to

settle west of the

Appalachian Mountains.

_____ becomes King of England in ___ when his grandfather (George II) died

King George III, 1760

What did KG3 promise?

A quick end to the long and expensive war with France

What was established to keep peace?

Proclamation Line

the colonists end up fighting the AR because of

end of salutary neglect

taxing, standing armies

freedom and independence to strict rule

The F&I War was _____ so GB attempted to control the colonies more _____

expensive, actively

GB decides to levy a ___ on the colonists to help recoup ___ incurred during the war

tax, losses

Colonists ____ the change in policy especially the _________

resented, external taxes

By ____, the British were the most _____ people in the world.

1763, heavily taxed

______ thought that colonies should help pay for some of the costs of their own government and defense.

Lord Grenville

Taxes were ______ in England

2-3x higher

What was the Sugar Act designed to accomplish?

Raise income from the colonies to pay for the F&I War.

What did the Sugar Act in 1764 do?

Made sugar cheaper with the tax then to buy from smugglers.

Colonist reaction to the Sugar Act?

They hated it

How did the SUgar Act punish others

as smugglers would be tried in courts by a single judge (no jury), ships seized if duty not paid

What did the sugar Act threaten

local control over government

What did the Quartering Act of 1765 require?

colonies to provide housing for troops in colonies after the F&I War

What did the Stamp Act of 1765 do?

Placed a tax on paper goods to pay for soldiers in the colonies

Examples of paper items the Stamp Act would affect:

Newspapers

Pamphlets

Legal Documents (wills)

Most other printed materials

Playing cards

Ledger books

Shipping logs

Who would these Acts impact the most?

Stamp Act would impact colonists the most, lawyers, printers, publishers, merchants, Sugar Act mostly merchants

What were the colonists’ reactions to the Sugar, Quartering and Stamp Act?

Bostonians rioted, burned effigies, boycotted, and threatened tax collectors