AUSH Unit 2 Review

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia.

John Smith

Leader who helped Jamestown survive with strict discipline.

Headright System

Land grant program that attracted settlers by offering land for paying passage to Virginia.

Indentured Servitude

Labor system where people worked for several years in exchange for passage to the New World.

House of Burgesses (1619)

First representative assembly in the colonies (Virginia).

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Agreement for self-government by Pilgrims at Plymouth.

Puritans / Massachusetts Bay Colony

Religious group seeking to purify the Church of England; settled Massachusetts Bay.

John Winthrop / “City upon a Hill”

Puritan leader who envisioned Massachusetts as a model Christian society.

Roger Williams

Founded Rhode Island after being banished; promoted religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Challenged Puritan leaders; banished for antinomian views.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Trials in Massachusetts that reflected religious hysteria and social tensions.

William Penn / Pennsylvania

Founded as a Quaker colony with religious toleration, pacifism, and fair treatment of Natives.

Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)

Law granting religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Rebellion in Virginia against Governor Berkeley; exposed tensions between frontier settlers and elites.

King Philip’s War (1675–1678)

Native-led war against New England colonists, devastating Native power in the region.

Pequot War (1637)

Conflict between New England settlers and the Pequot tribe; resulted in destruction of the Pequot.

Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies supplied raw materials and markets for the mother country.

Navigation Acts

English trade laws designed to enforce mercantilism.

Triangular Trade

Trade system connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Middle Passage

Forced transatlantic journey of enslaved Africans.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of weak enforcement of laws; allowed colonies more autonomy.

First Great Awakening (1730s–1740s)

Religious revival movement emphasizing emotion and personal salvation.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher of the Great Awakening; known for fiery sermons like “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

George Whitefield

Itinerant preacher of the Great Awakening who attracted large crowds.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement stressing reason, science, and natural rights.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who argued for natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

Zenger Trial (1735)

Legal case that established precedent for freedom of the press.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Slave uprising in South Carolina; led to stricter slave codes.

New England Confederation (1643)

Early colonial alliance for defense and cooperation among New England colonies.

Dominion of New England (1686–1689)

Attempt by King James II to centralize colonial control under one governor; unpopular and overturned.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Overthrow of King James II; led to greater colonial self-government.

Half-Way Covenant (1662)

Policy allowing partial church membership for children of Puritans to boost declining church participation.

Salem Covenant Community / Town Meetings

Puritan system of local governance and religiously-based communities.

Chesapeake Colonies

Maryland and Virginia; economies based on tobacco and plantation agriculture.

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire; economy based on trade, fishing, small farms.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; diverse population and economy (“breadbasket” colonies).

Southern Colonies

Carolinas and Georgia; plantation economy with rice, indigo, and later cotton.

Plantation System

Large-scale agricultural system reliant on enslaved labor, especially in the South.

Slave Codes

Laws that defined the status of enslaved people and restricted their rights.

Chattel Slavery

System in which enslaved people were treated as property, passed down through generations.

Colonial Assemblies

Elected bodies in the colonies that made local laws; example of self-government.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies owned by individuals granted land by the king (e.g., Pennsylvania, Maryland).

Royal Colonies

Colonies under direct control of the English crown.

Charter Colonies

Colonies governed by joint-stock companies or settlers under a charter (e.g., Massachusetts Bay).

Atlantic World

Refers to the interactions between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through trade, migration, and ideas.

Anglicization

The process of colonies adopting English cultural, political, and economic practices.