BAP Final Study Set 2.0

Aberdeen Angus

British breed, originated in Scotland, black in color, *MOST COMMON BREED IN US*

Charolais

Continental breed, originated in France, medium - large build, *more pounds, more profit*

Hereford

British breed, red w/ white face, *longevity*

Simmental

Continental breed, originated in Switzerland, *originally selected for milk, then meat, then draft animals*

Red Angus

British breed, originated in Scotland, black coloring is dominant, *more working capacity*

Texas Longhord

*Iconic breed*, eat wider range of grasses, plants, and weeds, produces very lean beef, longevity, *docility*

Gelbvieh

Continental breed, “yellow cattle” in german, triple purpose breed, fine hair, fast pre-weaning growth

Holstein

dairy breed

Limousin

Continental breed, central + south-west france, breed for sturdiness, health, and adaptability, ~large body, small head~

Highlands

British breed, meat breed, high fat milk, *just a baby*

Shorthorn

British breed, dual purpose breed, *oldest recognized breed*, *roan coloring*

What is BCS measured out of in the beef industry?

1-9

Where should the BCS be maintained around?

5

What is libido?

Sex drive

Do cows lose or gain BCS during breeding season?

lose

What does CIDR stand for?

Controlled internal drug release

What is a replacement heifer?

a heifer that you are going to keep to replace an older cow

What kind of an investment are replacement heifers?

financially and genetically

what is the longterm goal of a replacement heifer?

stayability

what is stayabaility?

the ability for a cow to stay in the herd for a long time

what are the 5 main goals for a replacement heifer?

hit puberty by 12-14 mo, conceive early in breeding season, large enough, rebreed quickly, and wean a good calf

why would you want a replacement heifer to be big?

minimal calf difficulty, structurally successful, and bigger = less issues

What are some reasons why you would opt to raise a replacement heifer yourself?

No disease upon entry to herd, know what you are likely going to get, can raise how you want

What are some reasons you would choose to buy a replacement heifer?

constant supply, faster genetic changes, brings in genetic diversity to the herd

What are some cons to raising a heifer?

production cost, labor, taking up feed resources, and might not even amount to anything

what are some cons to buying a heifer?

disease control / biosecurity and you have to make sure they are the right fit for your herd

What are 3 pros to calving @ 2 years old?

get another calf, more milk = more money, see her potential sooner

what are some cons to calving @ 2 years old?

perhaps limited forage use and smaller = dystocia becomes more common

what are some pros to calving @ 3 years old?

may reduce dystocia and physically more mature @ breeding

what are some cons to calving @ 3 years old?

money made later, fewer calves per cow, and you see their potential later

what are some ways of heifer calf management?

maintain adequate BC, vaccinate, limit stress @ weaning, weaning to breed critical time

how would you provide management at weaning?

know her weight, frame score, and growth <2lbs per day

What mature weight percentage should she be at @ breeding?

65% (55% is also an option)

How do you know a heifers mature weight?

Genetics (family history)

What is puberty?

when a cow has the capacity to either get someone pregnant or become pregnant

what are some factors that influence puberty?

age, weight (larger may be older before reaching puberty), and environmental factors (temp, parasitism)

How long should a heifer’s first breeding season be?

45 - 60 days

when should you perform pregnancy checks on a heifer?

60 days

If a heifer is open after breeding season, what should you do?

cull her

why would you cull an open heifer after breeding season?

removes sub-fertile females earlier, reduce cost, allows option to go to feedlot

what should a first-calf heifer’s BCS be at calving?

6

why should a first-calf heifer’s BCS be at that number?

colostrum production, shorter PPI, and normal body growth

what is better to use, body weight or body condition?

body condition

when should you perform a pre-breeding eval?

prior to start of breeding season

why do we perform a pre-breeding eval?

to see if the cow is on the right track

what range of score does a repro tract score go to?

1-5

what does a 1 mean for a repro tract score?

infertile

what does a 5 mean for a repro tract score?

good to go

what is a pelvimeter

tool used to measure the pelvic area of a cow/heifer

why do we measure the pelvis?

to see if the calf can exit

how many cm should the pelvis be at 13mo?

140 cm

how many cm should the pelvis be at pre-breeding?

150 cm

how many cm should the pelvis be 90 days pregnant?

180 cm

what is an early born heifer?

a heifer that calves early in the year

what is an early conceiving heifer?

a heifer that gets pregnant early in breeding season

what is a pro of early born heifers?

can grow more before breeding season + become mature

what is a pro of early conceiving heifers?

have more recovery time for next breeding season

what is a con for late conceiving heifers?

easier to fall behind

what are the 3 layers of the rumen?

gas, mat, and liquid

when should you increase nutrition?

60 days priot to calving and immediately after

what are the 3 major challenges for cows?

colostrum production, lactation, and cycling + fertility

what are the 6 factors nutrients needs to be affected by?

weight, age, repro status, level of production, milk production, and the environment

what are the 5 basic nutrients?

water, protein, energy [CF], minerals, vitamins

what is nutrient measure based on in feed?

dry matter %

why is nutrients measured on that?

weight of feed without the water

if there is 90% DM, what is the other 10%?

water

what has a large impact on intake?

type of forage

what are the main types of forage?

hay and pasture

when quality of forage declines, what else declines?

palatability and intake

what contributes to quality of forage?

age at harvest and fiber increase

why is fiber increase with age important?

good for rumen health

what is protein used for?

build bone and muscle

why does milk need protein?

to provide the calves with the nutrient to make them stronger [bone + muscle]

what are some sources of protein?

soybean meal, protein tub

what does NPN stand for?

non-protein nitrogen

what are some concerns with overfeeding protein?

environmental waste and wasting money

what does energy do in a diet?

effects body condition and warmth

what are some sources of energy?

forages high in starches and sugars, fats and oils, and concentrates [cereal grains]

what are some cereal grains

corn, wheat, milo, oats

what is the correct calcium to phosphorus ratio? [generally]

2:1

what are by-products?

not the primary product [waste]

when are vitamin and mineral intake of less concern?

when fed high-quality forages

what is the disease called when a cow has a magnesium deficiency?

grass tetany

what are the water soluble vitamins?

A,D,E,K

how many lower incisors does a cow have?

6

how many upper incisors does a cow have?

none

what is in place of upper incisors?

a dental pad

what does solid mouth mean?

nice and pretty teeth

what does broken mouth mean?

missing some teeth

what does smooth mouth mean?

missing LOTS of teeth

in Mo, how many acres of land does a cow graze per year? [average]

2.5

why can the average acres grazed by a cow change per year?

drought/rainfall

what season grass in tall fescue?

cool season grass

what does “cool season grass” mean?

it kicks up in the spring

what type of relationship does endophyte fungus have with tall fescue?

symbiotic relationship

what is fescue foot?

disease that causes loss of blood flow in feet, can cause higher susceptibility to frostbite

what is the most important thing to think about with pasture management?

efficiency

what are some pros to rotational grazing?

prevents overgrazing, less likely to get parasites, optimal plant growth, and the same piece of land can be grazed multiple times

do cattle like to graze on short or long grass more? why?

short, tastes better

what are the 4 types of feedstuffs?

roughages, grain, oilseeds, and byproducts