AP HUG chapter 13

Infrastructure

The basic physical systems (like roads, irrigation, and energy) that support operation of society

Dual Agriculture Economy

A system where a country has both traditional subsistence farming and modern commercial agriculture coexisting.

Hybrid

A crossbreed between different plant or animal varieties, often developed for improved yield or resilience.

Vertical Integration

A business model where a company controls multiple stages of production, from raw materials to final products.

Commodity Chain

The full sequence of processes from the production of a good to its final sale and consumption.

Farm Subsidies

Government payments or financial support given to farmers to stabilize income or encourage production.

Tariffs

Taxes or duties imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries.

Von Thünen Model

A model that shows that perishability of the product and transportation costs to the market factor into farmers decisions on agricultural practices.

Global Supply Chains

Networks that connect production, distribution, and consumption of goods across global markets.

Cash Crops

Crops grown primarily for sale and profit, rather than for local consumption (e.g., cotton, coffee).

Fair Trade

A certification system ensuring producers in developing countries receive fair wages and work under decent conditions.

Agribusiness

refers to the large-scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment.