Lec 6 - Ovarian fucntional disorders of B!itches and Queens | Quizlet

Ovarian Aplasia/Hypoplasia characteristics

Incomplete development/maturation of ovaries:

- Persistent anestrous

- Decreased hormones - cant regulate pituitary hormones (Negative feedback loop is disabled)

- CHRONIC ELEVATION OF FSH AND LH IS VERY TYPICAL OF THIS DISORDER

What is most typical of ovarian aplasia/hypoplasia? What is the treatment?

Chronic elevation in FSH and LH
Treatement:
- Only OHE

Autoimmune disorder that results in premature ovarian failure is called?

Lymphocytic Oophoritis

Does it solely affect the ovaries?

Not only isolated to ovaries
Can be linked to more widespread disease manifesting as:
- Skin lesions
- Polyarthritis

Lymphocytic Oophoritis can affect...

Ovaries - Isolated or in conjunction with other autoimmune diseases causing:
Skin lesions
Polyarthritis

What is the diagnosis of lymphocytic Oophoritis and results?

Biopsy of Ovaries reveals:
- Follicular degeneration
- Lymphocytic infiltration

Treatment for Lymphocytic Oophoritis is?

OHE
Some corticosteroid use has also been trialled but not tested for safety

When do we treat a shortened heat in the bitch?

If proestrous and estrus are shorter than 8 days without ovulation

What can you tell me about a shortened interestrous in the dog?

<4 months Interestrous intervals is indicative of Infertility

What breeds have short interestrous that are fertile and not fertile?

Fertile - German shephard - 4-4.5 months

Infertile - Rottweiler

What are the compounding events that cause infertility due to the shortened interestrous cycle?

Ovulation failure

Low serum p4

Early initiation of another estrous

Insufficient endometrial regeneration

Infertility

What is classed as persistent estrous?

Over 4 weeks

What may be multiple sources of estrogen?

Abnormal follicular cysts

Functional ovarian tumors

Pituitary/hypothalamus tumors

Liver disease - Porto systemic shunt

Estrogen treatment to terminate pregnancy

Some clinical symptoms of persistent estrous among others

For 21 days or longer:
Cornification of vaginal epithelial cells (Superficial cells)
Willingness to stand
Prolonged estrogenisation and open cervix = Predisposes to inflammation

Diagnosis of persistent estrous

Vaginal cytology
USG
Lapar
X-ray
Laparscop

Over time, persistent estrous will cause?

Follicular cysts
Ovarian tumors
Maybe Oophoritis?
Less commonly pituitary and hypothalamus tumors

How could we diagnose a pituitary tumor? What are some treatments for a pituitary tumor?

Contrast CT of brain
Treatment:
Surgical ablation
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

Follicular cysts should be what size?

>8mm in diametere

How do we treat follicular cysts?

OHE Is preferred in non-breeding dogs
But:
Stimulation to ovulate via GnRH or hCG
- 50mcg/kg per dog IM
- hCG 1000 IU half IV half IM per dog
- 22U/kg IM every 24 hours for 3 days

Antibiotics preventatively
Resection cysts in young bitches

Can we use progestagins for Follicular cyst treatment?

Yes we can use:
Megesterol acetate
Proligestone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate

What are the pros and cons for progestagin treatment for a persistent estrous?

Pros:
- Effective at reducing symptoms
Cons:
- Should not be used in bitches that will later be bred
- Results in higher incidence of CEH
- PYOMETRA
- OHE will prevent all these

Is progestagin therapy for persistent estrous a good idea for owners who wish to breed there animal again?

NO

How will we know treatment has been successful?

Cytological exam will show decrease in % of cornified cells eg superficial cells

P4 increase

Ovulation may occur

What is a split estrous?

Short interestrous interval
Follicle growth and oestrogen production but follicles regress close to ovulation and no ovulation occurs.

It may confuse people because it will have been assumed that she has ovulated and then the return to proestrous can be mistaken as a 'loss of pregnancy'

Do bitches cycle properly after first failed ovulation?

After 2-6 weeks another estrous cycle occurs WITH ovulation

In persistent estrus can bitches accept male?

Can be:
Persistent pro estrous = No receptivity
Persistent Estrus = Male receptivity

Can follicular cysts possibly recover without treatment?

Spontaneous recovery is possible.

Order of treatment for Follicular cysts?

OHE - non breeders
Resection of cyst or aspiration of cystic fluid
Unilateral ovariectomy or ovariocornuectomy- (Removal of one horn of uterus)

When should we suspect and luteal ovarian cyst?

When P4 exceeds 2ng/ml for more than 2 months during bitches cycle

Symptoms of LOC

Persistent anestrous
Ovarian enlargement on USG

How to confirm LOC

USG
Biopsy

When do we see a greater frequency of ovarian tumors

Bitches over 5 years
In queens over 3 years

Are ovarian tumors Benign or malignant in Bitches and queen?

Bitches - Benign
Queens - Malignant

What is most common ovarian tumor?

Granulosa cell tumor Eg Folliculoma

What is a germ cell?

Cells in the body that develop into sperm and eggs

Where are they most often found?

Testicles and Ovary
But can form anywhere

Germ cell tumor is a

Dysgerminoma - developed from these sperm and egg cells forming a tumor

What is a teratoma?

Encapsulated tumor
With components from pluripotential embryonic cells

An adenoma is..

Benign

Treatment of ovarian cysts

OHE
Unilateral ovariectomy

Clinical signs that indicate presence functional ovarian tissue in a previously ovariectomized female dog or cat is...

ORS - Ovarian remnant syndrome

Where else can accessory ovarian tissue reside?

Broad ligament

ORS will produce in most cases recurrent estrous, when will recurrent estrous usllay occur in this situation?

3months to 5 years post surgery

The incomplete Ovariectomy can leave ovarian tissue in the body cavities. What can happen this free lying tissue?

Become neoplastic
Causing GCT

Diagnosis of ORS

Stim ovulation and luteinisation
- GnRH 25ug
OR
- 500 IU of hCG
2 weeks later P4 levels above 2ng/ml will indicate presence of ovarian tissue

Can we use vaginal cytology in ORS?

Only helpful when in peak oestrous in queens
Can help in bitches to confirm phase of cycle.

Queens estrous behaviour starts before epithelium is fully cornified.

Estrogen concentrations may not be helpful in queens

Casual treatment in the queen includes?

Exploratory laparotomy within 3-6 weeks of induction of ovulation - remove tissue

Progestagens

In ORS in the bitch diagnosis what can we use?

Vaginal cytology

Blood p4 levels within 2-4 weeks at end of behvioural estrous - >2ng/ml = ovarian luteal tissue in ORS

Two types of anestrus

Primary Anestrus - Females 24 months of age or older that have never cycled.

Secondary anestrus - Females that have previously cycled but no longer are

Primary anestrus is due to

Age - puberty
Abnormalities of sexual differentiation
- Ovarian aplasia/hypoplasia
- Intersexuality
- karyotyping

Causes of anestrous

1) Lymphocytic Oophoritis
2) Luteal cyst
3) Hypothyroidism
4) Corticoadrenal Hyperactivty
5) Hypothalamo-pituitary insufficiency
6) Ovarian inactivity
7) Abnormal ovarian development
8) Premature ovarian failure

What can delay puberty or prolong interestrous inerval?

Medications

- Progestogens

- Androgens

- Glucocorticoids

Silent heats

Ovarian insufficiency/inactivity