Exam#2: Reproduction in Farm Animals, The Digestive System, Animal Nutrition & Animal Growth & Development

How are farm animals measured?

Number of pigs/liters

Number of Eggs produced/year

Number of Lams/100 breeding females

Number of calves/100 breeding females

What's the difference between the eggs we eat and the hatch able eggs?

The eggs we eat only have one chromosome while hatch able have 2 chromosomes

What does anatomy mean?

Structure of the Reproductive system

What is Physiology?

Study of function of the reproductive system

Priority should be given to the?

Improving reproductive performance in a livestock herd

What is good knowledge of the structure and function of the reproductive system is?

High Conception Rates

More total number of offspring born

Dairy herd having shorter generation intervals

Reduction in the number of superior genetic stock called

More efficiently utilization of technological advances in reproduction

Reduction in livestock production costs.

What is a technological advancement in the animal reproduction?

AI and Embryo Transfer

What is the role of the male in reproduction?

Function 1: The sire must produce good amounts of viable spermatozoa

Function 2: Deliver semen containing viable spermatozoa into the reproductive tract of the dam(female)

Function of testicles

production of sperm cells and testosterone

Function of the vas deferens

passageway for sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra

Function of the urethra

secretions from accessory cells are dumped in and combined with sperm cell

Function of the accessory glands

secretes the major portion of the fluids that add the volume to the ejaculate

Function of the penis

The organ of copulation

passageway of sperm and urine

Function of Scrotum

Two lobed sac that protects the testicles

Regulates the temperature of the testicles

What is the primary organ of the male reproduction system?

Produce Sperm Cells

Produce testosterone

What happens when you castrate an animal?

It removes both testicles, which means they lose their sperm "factory" and the animal becomes sterile.

What produces testosterone?

Leydig Cells

What produces spermatozoa?

seminiferous tubules

In a sexually mature male what order does it go through?

1st: Sperms cells are generated

2nd: Sperm cells mature

3rd: Sperm cells are either ejaculated or degenerate

Where is the site of the spermatozoa maturation?

epididymis

What is the bulbourethral gland?

secretes the "gel" portion of the ejaculate

What is an ampulla?

Basically, the checking account of the sperm donor

What is a retractor penis muscle?

Relaxes during mating and allows the sigmoid flexure to straighten.

What is sigmoid flexure?

S-shape portion of the penis which straightens up during ejaculation/mating.

What is a the glands penis?

Corkscrew tip in boars or the tip of the penis- it's sensitive to pressure.

In poultry where are the testes located?

In the abdominal cavity

What do male chickens NOT have?

They DON'T have a penis

What DO chickens have?

Their rudimentary organ of copulation

Where does the spermatozoa be stored in a female chicken?

Sperm-host glands located in the oviduct

How long can turkey's have fertile eggs?

30 days

How long can chicken have fertile eggs?

10 days

What are some environmental factors that affect the sperm production?

Underfeeding

Deficiency in vitamin A and protein

Extreme high temperature

Limited energy intake

What is hereditary factor that affects the sperm production?

Low sperm cell count

Cryptorchids(the testicles stay in the abdominal cavity)

Females exhibits

a physiological desire to mate

What are female secondary sex characteristics?

Ovum develops and mature

Ovum is released=ovulation

ovum is released at an appropriate time in the estrous cycle

mating and conception occurs

embryonic and fetal development occurs

fetal and growth development occurs

What is the parturition of a cow?

9 months or 284 days

What is the parturition of a sow?

114 days or 3m3w3d

What is the parturition of a doe/ewe?

150 days

What does an ovary produce?

Produces female gamete- ovum/ova

Female sex hormone- estrogen

What is a corpus luteum?

The portion of follicle left behind after ovulation.

Function of oviduct

site of fertilization

Function of the uterus

incubator for fetus and serves as the passageway for transporting spermatozoa to the oviduct

Function of the cervix

Dilates during estrus and parturition

Function of the vagina

copulatory organ of female and birth canal

Function of the vulva

Funnel entrance into the internal structures of the reproductive tract

What is the estrus cycle?

ovarian functions occur in a cyclic manner following puberty in female animals

What is the estrous cycle of a cow and sow?

21 days

What is the estrous cycle of a ewe?

17 days

What is oogenesis?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Follicular Development

Estrogen

What is ovulation?

The release of an egg from the ovary

What is corpus luteum?

a progesterone-secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun.

Reproduction Event Sequences

1. Oogenesis

2. Ovulation

3. Fertilization

4. Placentation -forming of the placenta

5. Implantation-attaches to the uterine wall

6. Gestation (progesterone is produced)

7. Parturition

What are the three stages of parturition?

1. contractions to move the fetus-oxytocin is released to help relax/contract

2. expulsion of fetus

3. expulsion of placenta

What is gestation?

Period from conception to the birth of the offspring

Gestation of a cow(cattle)

282 days

Gestation of a sow(swine)

114 days

Gestation of a Ewe/Doe

150 days

Gestation of a horse

336 days

What's the difference between the right and left ovary/oviduct of a bird?

Right ovary and oviduct atrophies (doesn't work)

Left ovary and oviduct are function in ovum production

A birds egg is much larger than an ovum because...

Avian embryo develops inside the egg

All nutrition for the developing embryo must be carried by the egg

What is incubation period?

the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms

Incubation period of a chicken

21 days

Incubation period of a turkey

28 days

What is AI?

It's artificial insemination, it's where the semen is deposited into the female reproductive tract by artificial techniques

What are the advantages of AI?

genetic improvement, can extend one sire ejaculate to make many dams, can be used to control reproductive disease, and results in the reduction in sire production costs.

What are three different ways of AI?

Artificial Vagina

Gloved Hand Technique

Electro ejaculator

Where do you store semen for short periods of time?

Refrigerator

Where do you store semen for long periods of time?

Liquid nitrogen

Requirements of inseminating a female animal

Estrus must be detected ("standing heat")

Proper timing of insemination (inseminate as close to estrus as possible)

What is estrus synchronization?

Controls the estrus cycle so that female animals are in estrus at the same time

What is superovulation?

To produce sufficient ova (5-12) for fertilization and embryo transfer

What is embryo transfer?

Embryos (about 5-12) are removed at the early stage of development from one dam (donor) and transferred to other dam (recipients)

function of esophagus in a ruminant

Tube that transfers into the stomach, it opens both in the rumen compartment and the reticulum compartment

function of rumen in a ruminant

Storage of ingesta food

Physical mixing and breakdown

Fermentation chamber- Bacteria, Protozoa, Fungi

What is a rumen?

large hollow and muscular compartment, almost fills the entire left side of the abdominal cavity, mature rumen walls contain papillae to propel feed, and no enzyme secretion.

What is anaerobic fermentation?

It results in microbial

synthesis of H2O

synthesis of animo acids and protein

Bacterial enzymes breakdown fibrous feeds

What is the reticulum in a ruminant?

It's a honeycomb like compartment traps nails and pieces of wire, protecting rumen from puncture

No enzymes secreted

What is the esophageal grove?

Moves ingesta from the reticulum directly into the omasum in young calves

What is an omasum in a ruminant animal?

Walls have short, blunt papillae

No enzyme secretion

Functions in reducing particles size of ingesta and H2O absorption

What is an abomasum in a ruminant animal?

Contains glands that secrete enzymes

Abomasum is comparable to the simple stomach in the non-ruminant

What are type of energy feeds?

Grains, Roughages and Forages, and Fats and Oils

What are grains consist of?

High in energy and low in protein

What are roughages and forages consisting of?

Roughages: low in protein, low in energy and high in fiber

Forages: High in fiber, low in protein, low in energy

What is protein feed consisting of?

High in protein and low in energy

What is a nutrient?

Is a feed constituent that aids in the support of animal life.

Water

most available

least expensive

nutrient most important nutrient

Carbohydrates

Contains carbon, hydron and oxygen

starch is a primary source pf CHO

Fats

Fats and oils are referred to as lipids

Fat contains 2.25 times more energy/lb than CHO

Lipids provide both energy and essential fatty acids

Acids

Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

simple proteins contain only amino acids

complex proteins contain additional non-amino acids substances

Minerals

Chemical elements other than C,H,O2, and N

Vitamins

organic nutrients needed in small amounts for specific body functions

What is the maintenace of nutrients?

To steady state at which the animal is neither gaining nor losing energy or weight

Maintain basal metabolism

What do nutrients help with?

Production of semen production, ovum/ova, fetal growth and development, animal growth.

Definition of animal growth

Defined as increase of size

What is meat made of?

Muscle (protein, fat, water)

What are the measurements of growth?

Increase in weight, length, and height

What is animal growth affected by?

Genetics and Environment

Genetics are

breed, gender, inheritance and genetic imbalance

Ration adjustments

animal varies feed intake in response to environmental temp

What happens in cold temperature stress?

Feed intake increases, animals energy needs to increase, feed efficiency decreases, and there is a reduction in the percent of crude protein in the diet,