Bsc1010 Final Exam Review

A set of flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Bsc1010 Final Exam lecture notes.

Mitotic Stages

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Meiosis Replications and Divisions

1 replication and 2 divisions.

Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Non-Somatic Cell Chromosomes

23 chromosomes.

Examples of Somatic Cells

Muscle cell, nerve cell, brain cell.

Polar Bodies

Cells produced during oogenesis that do not develop into an ova; found in egg cells.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

1. Mitochondria- binary fission, 2. Hydrom- budding, 3. Sea star- regeneration, 4. Reptiles- Parthenogenesis.

Result of Parthenogenesis

All offspring are female and genetically identical.

Homozygous Dominant Representation

Represented by two identical capital letters (e.g., XX).

Cleavage Furrow

Indention where cytokinesis occurs in animal cells during telophase.

Phenotype

The observable physical properties of an organism.

Genotype

The genetic makeup or combination of alleles in an organism.

Centriole

Cylindrical structure made of short microtubules, involved in cell division.

Homologous Pairs in Humans

22 homologous pairs.

Sex Chromosomes in Humans

XX for females and XY for males.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death; can occur in red blood cells and digestive cells.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg).

Interphase Activities

Mitochondria increase, ribosomes increase, and cell size increases.

Zygote Chromosomes

Humans have 46 chromosomes in a zygote.

True Breeder Definition

Parents that pass down a specific phenotypic trait to their offspring.

Monohybrid Cross Definition

A genetic cross between organisms differing in one trait.

Dihybrid Cross Definition

A genetic cross between organisms differing in two traits.

Fraternal Twins

Twins that originate from the fertilization of two separate eggs.

Apoptosis Locations in Body

Occurs in fingers and toes during development.

Heterozygous Condition

A condition where the recessive gene is not expressed due to the presence of a dominant allele.

Chromatin Definition

A material of which the chromosomes of organisms are composed, consisting of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Centromere Function

Regions where sister chromatids remain attached until anaphase.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.

Mitosis Phase of Nucleolus Disappearing

Prophase.

Mitosis Phase of Nucleolus Reappearing

Telophase.

Structure formed during crossing over

Tetrads.

Meiosis II Result

Produces haploid cells.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.