Studied by 9 peopleYerkes-Dodson Law
identifies the relationship between motivation and performance
cognitive dissonance theory
suggests that motivation exists because bodies have a cognitive system that needs to stay constant
self-efficacy
an individual’s belief that they have the most control over their own life
arcuate nucleus
the part of the hypothalamus that stimulates appetite
instinct theory
suggests that motivation is a genetic instinct that we are born with
biophysiological approach
suggests that hunger comes from biology and what we eat depends on sociocultural factors and physiological state
ventromedial hypothalamus
produces appetite-suppressing hormones and tells us when we are satisfied
affiliation motivation
the drive to belong
achievement motivation
the drive to perform well and accomplish goals
William James
believed that we react to emotions and that they come from our reaction to bodily activity
James-Lange Theory
suggests that emotion is the result of arousal
Cannon-Bard Theory
suggests that both emotion and arousal are triggered simultaneously
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
suggests that emotion is a result of the combination of arousal and cognition
LeDoux Theory
suggests that emotions can bypass the cortex and go straight to the amygdala, therefore resulting in an immediate response
appraisal
suggests that the brain’s evaluation of the situation is what determines the emotional and physiological response
Paul Ekman
believed in the existence of innate emotions across cultures
facial feedback hypothesis
suggests that facial muscle movement sends information to the brain that can influence emotion
Hans Selye
proposed the idea of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
the stages of response to stressful situations
reciprocal determinism
how environment, behavior, and an individual influence and impact each other
Albert Bandura
proposed the idea of reciprocal determinism
self-transcendence
when people look beyond themselves and see a larger perspective of life and the importance of caring for others
personality inventory
questionnaires that attempt to assess personality traits
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
defense mechanism
the ego’s way of protecting itself from the wants of the id and superego
regression
defense mechanism where an individual becomes child-like
denial
defense mechanism where an individual refuses to acknowledge objective facts
projection
defense mechanism where an individual displaces their emotions onto someone or something else
repression
defense mechanism where an individual unconsciously pushes away and blocks unpleasant feelings from their mind
rationalization
defense mechanism where an individual justifies unacceptable feelings with apparent logic
sublimation
defense mechanism where an individual transforms unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behavior
displacement
defense mechanism where an individual satisfies an unacceptable impulse on a substitute object
compensation
defense mechanism where an individual “makes up” for a perceived area of weakness in their life by excelling in another area
reaction formation
defense mechanism where an individual pushes away an unwanted emotion by exaggerating the emotion that is the exact opposite of it
intellectualization
defense mechanism where an individual pushes away unwanted feelings by focusing on logical reasoning
Julian Rotter
believed that personality develops over time
expectancy theory
suggests that individuals act based on past experiences and expect the same outcome
positive regard
when an individual is good in nature and seeks approval from others
self-actualization
the point in an individual’s lifespan during which they’ve successfully developed their abilities and appreciation for life
cardinal trait
a trait that is so strong that is influences every behavior of an individual
central trait
a strong trait that is influential
secondary trait
a trait that is only expressed in certain situations
self-reports
personality test where participants provide information about themselves
observer ratings
when individuals are familiar with the person of interest and give their ratings
situational test
when an individual is placed into a controlled situation to see how they react
projective personality test
open response test with ambiguous stimuli
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