US History: Unit 1- Industrialization and Urban America

Bimetallism

System using both silver and gold to back currency.

Civil Service Tests

Tests given to immigrants for naturalization

Tenements

Apartments where many immigrants were housed due to the growing population.

Social Gospel Movement

Created community outreach centers and believed if they helped immigrants they would go to heaven.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

Made it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade. Prosecuting companies under this act was not easy and government stopped enforcing it.

Nativism

The political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants, including supporting immigrant-restriction measures.

Immigration

People moving into a new country.

Graft

Unethical or illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

Political machines

Organization headed by a single boss or small autocratic group that commands enough votes to maintain political control of a place.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Absolute 10 year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the US.

Patronage

Grant favors for vote.

Vertical Integration

Bought out suppliers to control product processes

Horizontal integration

Merge competitors

Lassiez-faire

government is hands off

Monopoly

When a single company achieves control of an entire market.

Populism

Sharing the same ideas as farmers/laborers: Bimetallism, increase money in supply (inflation),and federal loan programs.

Americanization

Social Movement by the government and citizens to teach immigrants skills needed for citizenship (eg. English Literacy, History, Government, Cooking, Etiquette).

Social Darwinism

Based on Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, success and failure in business were governed by natural law. The rich are the fittest and poor are the weakest. Rich are successful, poor are failure. Cannot and should not help the poor.

Industrialization

the process of transforming the economy of a nation or region from a focus on agriculture to a reliance on manufacturing.

Economies of Scale

Cost of manufacturing decreased by producing in large quantities.

Problems in the cities

• Lack of housing, many families living in crowded tenements

• Poor people needed transportation

• Lack of running water due to lack of piping

• Disease

• Sanitation

• Crime

• Fires

What happened in the 1896 Election?

William McKinley wins for the Republican party by 7 million votes (carried east and industrial Midwest). William J Bryan had 6.5 million votes, carrying the south and midwestern farmers.

William McKinley

• Front porch candidate (only campaigned in his state)

• Gold Bugs- believed in Deflation

• Gold standard/less money in circulation

• Value increases, prices fall

• Stable money

William Jennings Brian

• travelled, tried to make up for less campaign money

• “Cross of Gold” Speech

• Bimetallism; Inflation

• Silverites

“Cross of Gold” Speech

Speech to voters with the same views as him. An appeal to farmers who are poor and want more money to repay loans and all.

What was the Grange?

Started by Oliver Hudson Kelly, it began as a social club of poor farmers (similar to a union) and developed into political organizations.

What was the settlement house movement?

provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants, often including education, healthcare, childcare, and employment resources.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Led by the ARU by the Pullman Railroad. Demanded wage cuts, but were locked out because they refused to work. Many of the Prominent leaders were arrested after the feds intervened with militia force.

Haymarket Riot (1886)

The Knights of Labor demanded better work conditions and equal pay in Chicago. There were picket lines and police got involved and shot people because someone threw a bomb.

Samuel Gompers

Samuel Gompers, the founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), used collective bargaining (used everybody) and closed shops (Requirement to be part of Union).

Eugene V. Debs

American Railway Union (ARU) brought together all workers skilled or unskilled because Eugene was its founder.He founded Industrial workers of the World (IWW) and the Social Democratic Party. He ran for president as a socialist.

The Great Railroad Strike (1877)

Due to the Panic of 1873, there were wage cuts. Workers in railroads protested this. They walked out and blocked tracks. Took 12 days for militia to restore. Martinsburg, VA; Baltimore, MD; Pittsburg, PA.

Which philosophy meaning “Government hands off” supported the idea that The Us market system should not be regulated.

Laissez-faire

What do you call a company trust that controls the entire market?

Monopoly

Being able to reduce all costs for operation at all steps of production is a benefit of which type of integration?

Vertical integration

Which new production strategy allowed for lowers costs and increased production levels for big businesses?

Economies of Scale

What is the reason for the US’s industrial success?

Abundant raw materials

What led to an increase in anti-immigration groups and a demand for greater restrictions on immigration?

Acts supporting immigration

What act was passed by congress to eliminate Chinese immigration?

Chinese Exclusion Act

What two factors increased the size of the workforce and allowed for industrialization at a rapid pace in the late 1800s?

Immigration and Urbanization

Which act passed by congress required applicants for federal government jobs pass examinations in order to be hired?

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

What do we call any type of unethical or illegal use of political influence for personal gain?

Graft

What was the name of Boss Tweed’s political machine in New York?

Tammany Hall

What term is used when a person with political power/influence secures an appointment of position regardless of qualifications?

Patronage

What new low-rent housing centers were built in cities to house the growing urban population?

Tenement Homes

The Social Gospel Movement was known for creating community outreach centers known as _______.

Settlement House

What process of teaching is teaching immigrant children American history and English replacing their culture with American traditions?

Americanization

Which group supported the policy of Bimetallism that called for US currency be backed with silver as well?

Silverites

Which political party expanded the 1896 election into a three party system?

Populist Party

Which organization started out as a social outlet and became an educational forum for farmers?

The Grange or the Farmers Association

What speech convinced the Democratic Party to nominate William Jennings Bryan as the candidate for the 1896 election?

Cross of Gold speech

Who won the 1896 Election?

William McKinley (R)