New Immigration + Industrial Rev Test (02/02)

Where did the Old European Immigrants come from (During Civil War and before)?

Western Europe from countries such as Switzerland, Germany, England, and Denmark.

Where did the New European Immigrants come from?

Southern and Eastern Europe from countries such as Latvia, Montenegro, Belarus, and Greece.

What were the pushes to leave?

• Religious persecution

• Political corruption

• Famines

• Poverty

• Mandatory military services

• Racism for minatory groups like Jews and the Romani

What were the pulls to go?

• Better life

• Political freedom

• Better opportunities

• Justice

• Jobs

Ellis Island

Entry point in New York (Southern and Eastern Europeans). 

Angel Island

Entry point in San Francisco (Mainly Asian immigrants).

Culture shock

Things are too different but they would cope with it by forming ethnically divided neighborhoods such as China Town and Little Italy.

Melting Pot

Come together to form something new (blending cultures).

Salad Bowl Theory

The idea that everyone keeps some unique aspect of their culture being the tomatoes and croutons. While the base aka the lettuce is American Society full of many diverse people.

Nativism

Natural response to massive immigration (anti-immigration/xenophobic/native).

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

No more Chinese immigrants and it all started with Californians fearing they’ll be taken over by the Chinese.

Quota System

A given number of people that can come from this and that country.

Refugees

Someone that is fleeing violence and persecution.

How many Americans lived in a city in 1840

One in twelve Americans

How many Americans lived in a city by 1900?

One out of three Americans

Define Urbanization and it’s costs

• Closing frontiers (no more free land)

• Rise of industry (give up farming for jobs in a factory)

• Cultural opportunities (more to do)

• Immigration (people moving from one country to another)

What were some Urban Problems?

• Poorly built houses that were known as row houses, tenements, ghettos, and slums.

• No plumbing nor electricity if there was it was poorly installed

• Transportation difficulties due to over crowdedness

• Sanitation issues due to trash, human waste, and sicknesses

• Fires due to crappy buildings being flammable when people would cook and keep warm

• Pollution from factories, smoke from burning houses, and trash + human waste.

What is the Social Gospel?

Social Gospel refers to us having a social responsibility to help those that are less fortunate.

Why was the Salvation Army started?

To feed the hungry.

Who was Jacob Riis?

A Danish-American that wrote “How the Others Live” that led to Social Reforms.

What was the Settlement House Movement?

To help house and assimilate the immigrants coming into Chicago.

What was Hull House?

A community for immigrants to offer them social services.

Who started the Settlement House Movement and the Hull House?

A woman from Chicago named Jane Addams.

What is Bessemer Process?

Converting Iron into Steel.

Who invented the first car?

Carl Benz in 1886.

What were things that lead to Industrialization?

• Land → Build

• Labor → Urbanization

• Capital → Investment, Markets, and Consumership

• New Technology → Factories, assembly line

• Natural Resources → Energy and Raw Materials

• Transportation → Trains, Ships, Canals

What were some important materials used during this time period?

Water, oil, coal, iron, rubber, and timber (wood)

What is the meaning of “Laissez-faire”?

It means “Let it happen” or “Leave it alone” as it was believe that a good government was one that didn’t govern much. And that a good market had little to no government interference as well.

What was the process of Vulcanizing?

The process of vulcanizing often used rubber (or something similar to rubber) and it would be treated with sulfur at a high temperature to get harden.

What was a popular genre/story dynamics of books during the industrial area?

Rags to riches

What is a Philanthropy?

Usually a rich person that promotes the welfare of others by donating or establishing institutions mainly for tax benefits most rich people don’t care about the Average joe back then, they only cared about maintaining their fortune.

What is a Monopoly?

Buying out your competitors and have a lot of control and influences on and in a certain business industry.

What is Horizontal Integration?

Horizontal integration is the strategy of acquiring other companies that reside along a similar area of the supply chain.

What is Vertical Integration?

Vertical integration is the business arrangement in which a company controls different stages along the supply chain.

What is Predatory Pricing?

Loosing money on purpose to attract more consumers to your chain to kill other competition.

What was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)?

An act to ban Monopolies but it was never “enforced”.

What are Robber Barons?

Successful industrialists whose business practices were often considered ruthless or unethical. They often had a lot of control in natural resources and an industry as well.

Who were top four Robber Barons?

John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Andrew Carnegie

What were Captains of Industry?

Someone who owns or manages a large, successful business or company.

Who was Henry Ford?

An automaker best known for making cars who introduced the assembly line in the automobile industry.

What type of car did Henry Ford make?

Model T Fords

What are Labor Unions?

A group of employees in a certain trade, industry, or corporation that organize to improve their salary, benefits, and working conditions.

What was the American Federation of Labor

A national umbrella trade union organized in support of labor reform. The AFL's members were skilled laborers representing a variety of trades and crafts.

What was the Congress of Industrial Organization?

A federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions that mainly represented unskilled workers.

What are strikes?

When people stop working to pressure their employers for better benefits and working conditions.

What are picket lines?

Workers that gather up blocking buildings that hold signs to protest.

What are scabs?

Workers that are replaceable.

What was the Haymarket Affair (1886)?

A violent confrontation between cops and laborers in Chicago.

What were some technological innovations?

Machines, factories, and transportation such as steamships and railroads.

What is capital?

An accumulation and investment. Usually is a free market and is carried by consumers and investors.

What was banking?

Emergence of financial institutions

What was the stock market?

Growth of capital markets

What caused the rise in labor?

Immigrants, urbanization, rise of factories, assembly lines, and unions.

What helped with Market expansion?

Population increases, consumer demand, advertising and mass production.

What were some impacts on the global economy?

Exportation of goods and influences of economies.

What were some challenges and criticism faced during this time?

Labor exploitation, ,poor working conditions, and enviromental degrations.

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

A steel tycoon who owned U.S. Steel.

Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt?

A tycoon who owned a lot of the railroad and shipping industry by building railroads and steamboats.

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

The owner and founder of the Standard Oil Company who owned the oil industry.

Who was J.P. Morgan?

A fiancer and banker who owned J.P Morgan and Co which is now J.P. Morgan and Chase.

What were the idea behind Interchangeable Parts?

The idea that manufactured goods could be quickly constructed and parts could be replaced by unskilled workers.

What were the suburbs?

Suburbs are residential areas that exist within a reasonable commuting distance of a larger city.

What was the biggest thing occurring with infustrcuture?

Improvements on canals and ports along with construction of railroads.