S25 Development Quiz Study Guide

Authoritative Parenting

High warmth and high control; parents set rules but encourage discussion and independence, linked to positive child outcomes.

Permissive Parenting

High warmth and low control; parents are lenient and rarely enforce rules, leading to impulsive behavior in children.

Authoritarian Parenting

Low warmth and high control; strict and controlling, expecting obedience without discussion, often leading to low self-esteem in children.

Uninvolved Parenting

Low warmth and low control; neglectful, with little interest in the child's life, often leading to emotional and behavioral issues.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first psychosocial stage (Birth–18 months) where infants develop trust when caregivers provide reliability and care.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second psychosocial stage (1–3 years) where toddlers learn independence, but excessive restriction can cause shame and doubt.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third psychosocial stage (3–6 years) where children assert themselves socially; too much discouragement leads to guilt.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth psychosocial stage (6–12 years) where children gain confidence through school and social interactions, or feel inferior.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage (12–18 years) where adolescents explore personal identity; failure leads to confusion.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's sixth psychosocial stage (Young adulthood) where young adults form deep relationships, or struggle with loneliness.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's seventh psychosocial stage (Middle adulthood) where adults contribute to society or feel purposeless.

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's eighth psychosocial stage (Late adulthood) where reflection on life leads to satisfaction or regret.

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments early in life (e.g., ducklings following the first moving object they see).

Critical Period

A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities must be learned, or they may never fully develop.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate over whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) plays a greater role in shaping behavior.

Gender Roles

Societal expectations about how males and females should behave.

Teratogens

Harmful substances that can cause birth defects if exposed to a fetus during pregnancy.

Secure Attachment

Child is distressed when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted when they return; linked to healthy relationships.

Avoidant Attachment

Child avoids caregiver and does not seek comfort, showing little emotion when they leave or return.

Anxious (Ambivalent) Attachment

Child is extremely distressed when caregiver leaves and is not easily comforted upon their return.

Disorganized Attachment

Child exhibits confused or contradictory behaviors, often associated with neglect or abuse.

Harlow's Monkey Experiment

Study showing the importance of comfort and love in attachment through baby monkeys' preference for cloth mother.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's first stage (Birth–2 years) where infants explore the world using their senses and develop object permanence.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's second stage (2–7 years) where children use language but lack logical reasoning and exhibit egocentrism.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage (7–11 years) where children develop logical thinking and understand conservation.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's fourth stage (12+ years) where adolescents develop abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.

Schemas

Mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information.

Assimilation

Fitting new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Changing or creating new schemas to fit new information.

Preconventional Morality

Kohlberg's first level of moral development; decisions are based on avoiding punishment or seeking personal gain.

Conventional Morality

Kohlberg's second level of moral development; based on social approval and law obedience.

Postconventional Morality

Kohlberg's third level of moral development; based on social contracts and universal ethical principles.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's third stage (7–11 years) where children master logical thinking and conservation.