Newtons Laws: contact forces

Collision

when one moving object hits another

force

a push, pull, or twist.

Kinetic energy

the energy an object possesses due to its motion.

Deformation

the change of shape or form of a solid object. It’s caused when a force is applied to an object

Independent variable

manipulated variable

dependent variable

responding variable

control variable

the variable that stays the same

elastic limit

the largest amount an object can be deformed and still return to its original shape after the force is removed.

Breaking point

all objects have a breaking point, but it varies depending on the object/material. When an object reaches breaking point, it breaks/fractures.

Peak force

the maximum force an object or material can withstand before it deforms permanently or break. It tells you how strong/durable an object is.

What is the pattern between force and deformation?

any force on a solid object results in some change in shape (deformation), no matter how small; the more force given to an object, the more deformation will occur.

what is the pattern between elastic limit and deformation?

When an object is deformed BELOW its elastic limit, the object will return to its original shape. When an object is deformed PAST its elastic limit, the object will be permanently deformed.

What is always the relationship between collision and force?

in a collision, forces always come in pairs. Forces are equal in magnitude (size) and opposite in direction.

what is the result of force on motion and shape?

any force on a solid object results in some change in shape (deformation), no matter how small; forces that are unbalanced result in a change in motion.

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and collisions?

in every collision, there is kinetic energy. The more kinetic energy in a collision, the more peak force is exerted and the more deformation and damage occurs.

what happens when two objects hit each other?

each object exerts an equal and opposite force (push) on each other. There is a change in motion of at least one of the objects, and a change in shape of both objects.

what causes the changes in motion and the changes in shape in a collision?

energy transfer occurs during a collision because energy is the ability to create change. There is a force(s) between objects when they make contact during a collision.

Do all objects change in shape or bend during a collision?

All solid objects bend or change shape when pushed on in a collision and when other contact forces are applied to them.

How much do you have to push on any object to deform it temporarily or permanently?

all solid objects deform elastically when a force is applied, but only up to a certain point. Each object has an elastic limit, beyond which it deforms permanently, and a breaking point, where it will crack or split. How much an object deforms, along with its elastic limit and breaking point, depends on its material, shape, and thickness.

How does changing speed and mass affect the force in a collision?

when objects make contact or collide, they apply forces on each other that are equal in strength and opposite in direction, including equal peak forces during a collision. Free-body diagrams help show these forces by analyzing each object separately. Increasing an objects speed or mass increases its kinetic energy, but SPEED HAS MUCH GREATER EFFECT THAN MASS. As kinetic energy increases, collisions produce higher peak forces, leading to more deformation and a greater chance of damage.