MODULE 6:

What are the functions of bone? Choose all that apply.

Calcium supply

Storage of many essential minerals

Support and movement

Protection of internal organs

-Calcium supply

-Storage of many essential minerals

-Support and movement

-Protection of internal organs

You are a nutritionist. Your patient drinks several coke soda bottles daily. What might be one consequence of this?

Calcium removal from bone.

This vitamin is important for blood cell formation but can also lead to increased risk of bleeding if consumed in excessive amounts?

Vitamin E

Choose all of the statements that are accurate regarding Vitamin D.

-It is activated by sun exposure

-It cannot be acquired from the diet

-It is a hormone

-It is stored in the skin

-It is important for Calcium absorption

✔️It is a hormone

✔️It is important for Calcium absorption

✔️It is activated by sun exposure

Which of the following is true regarding the function of blood and the immune system?

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to all organs which support their functions.

The immune system includes only one cell type that is responsible for fighting disease within the lymph only.

false

Which of the following statements best describes Vitamin B3?

An important vitamin for numerous enzymes, energy production, and DNA synthesis.

produce the collagen-containing component of bone

Oseoblasts

degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and release minerals

Osteoclasts

Which B vitamin is prescribed to pregnant women in order to prevent spina bifida and cleft lip?

B9 (Folate)

What mineral is involved in nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and also provides structure for bone and teeth?

Calcium

removal of old or damaged bone and replacement with new bone

Bone re-modeling

increase in bone size; completed by age 14 in girls and age 17 in boys

Bone growth

shaping of bone; completed by early adulthood

Bone modeling

Which of the following vitamins plays an important role in blood coagulation?

K

What is the function of calcitriol?

Helps the body absorb calcium and phosphate from food.

You are a nutritionist. One of your patients is on a high dose of anti-acids and is showing signs of anemia (reduction in red blood cells). Which vitamin might they be deficient in? Choose the best answer given the information given in lecture.

Vitamin B12

Which of the following would reduce the amount of iron absorbed by an individual?

vitamin C deficiency

a diet that is high in animal foods

high stomach pH (basic)

eating a diet consisting mostly of non-heme iron

high blood iron

✔️high stomach pH (basic)

✔️eating a diet consisting mostly of non-heme iron

✔️vitamin C deficiency

✔️high blood iron

The immune system includes several cell types found in both blood and lymph.

true

Which of the following describes a function of blood? Choose all that apply.

Blood is used by the immune system to carry antigens to the site of infection.

Blood is involved in regulating body temperature.

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients.

Blood carries waste products.

Blood is involved in regulating body temperature.

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients.

Blood carries waste products.

Which of the following best describes Vitamin B12 (Cobalmin)?

A water-soluble vitamin which acts as a coenzyme for DNA synthesis.

Which of the following statements best describes Vitamin E?

A fat-soluble vitamin involved in red blood cell production.

A healthy immunes system helps in guarding against the development of cancer.

true

Which are the two major minerals associated with bone health?

calcium, phosphorous

An important vitamin for numerous enzymes, energy production, and DNA synthesis.

Vitamin B3

T/F: Bone acts as a mineral storage system for certain minerals (such as Calcium) and we pull these minerals from bone when in need.

True

___________ compounds have been shown to _____________ iron absorption from food.

Bone is made of hydroxyapatite crystals which are made of ________, and ____________ which is a protein.

minerals; collagen

Which of the following vitamins play a crucial role in red blood cell formation?

A. Vitamins B2, B6, and B12

B. Vitamins A and K

C. Vitamins A, B3, and D

D. Vitamins A and C

Vitamins B2, B6, and B12

The primary function of iron in blood is to

A. carry oxygen.

B. bind to and remove waste products.

C. fight infection.

D. synthesize platelets

carry oxygen.

Collagen is a __________ in bone, therefore, _________ _______ are important for bone health.

protein; amino acids

Match food source for vitamin B3, B6, B9, B12

B3: mushrooms, salmon, liver

B6: white rice, non-citrus, potato, sunflower seed

B9: liver, legumes, leafy greens

B12: fish, meat, egg

What mineral binds to free calcium and influence blood calcium levels?

phosphorus

Vitamin D function:

Facilitates uptake calcium from food into smaller intestine

What is true for an individual deficient in calcium?

osteoclast degrade bone to release stored calcium into bloodstream

What vitamin deficiency is fairly common in the U.S?

fluoride

iron

vitamin D

Vitamin E

iron

Vitamin D

What vitamin is patient A deficient in if they have poor blood clotting?

Vitamin K

T/F: Heme iron, found in plant-based foods, is more bioavailable than non-heme iron found in animal-based foods.

False

T/F: Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) plays a critical role in blood clotting but is not essential for bone health.

False

T/F: Excessive intake of Vitamin C can enhance the absorption of non-heme iron from plant-based sources.

True

T/F: Copper is an essential co-factor for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the transport of iron in the body.

True

T/F: Vitamin B12 is primarily obtained from plant-based sources and is easily absorbed in its synthetic form.

False

Vitamin D enhances the absorption of __________ and __________ from the small intestine, which are critical for bone health.

calcium, phosphate

A deficiency in Vitamin B9 (Folate) during pregnancy can lead to __________, a neural tube defect in the fetus.

spina bifida

__________ is the mineral component of hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood, and its deficiency leads to anemia.

Iron

Vitamin __________ is a fat-soluble vitamin that supports immune function, reduces inflammation, and helps widen blood vessels.

E

Collagen, the organic component of bone tissue, makes up __________% of the bone structure.

35%

Which of the following vitamins is crucial for the synthesis of collagen, an essential component of bone and blood vessel health?

A. Vitamin B6

B. Vitamin K

C. Vitamin C

D. Vitamin E

Vitamin C

Which of the following minerals is involved in the synthesis of ATP, DNA, and protein, and supports bone structure?

A. Magnesium

B. Iron

C. Zinc

D. Calcium

Magnesium

Which of the following food sources is best for obtaining heme iron, which is more bioavailable than non-heme iron?

A. Beans

B. Spinach

C. Beef liver

D. Tofu

Beef liver

What is the main function of osteoclasts in bone health?

A. Synthesize collagen fibers

B. Remove old or damaged bone tissue

C. Regulate calcium and phosphate ions

D. Form bone matrix

Remove old or damaged bone tissue

Which vitamin is essential for the production of red blood cells and the proper functioning of the nervous system, and is primarily found in animal products?

A. Vitamin B9 (Folate)

B. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

C. Vitamin D

D. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Which of the following is true regarding the absorption of iron from plant-based sources?

A. It is enhanced by calcium and magnesium

B. It is not influenced by other dietary factors

C. It is enhanced by vitamin C

D. It is best absorbed in a basic environment

It is enhanced by vitamin C

What is the most common consequence of a vitamin D deficiency in relation to bone health?

A. Osteomalacia

B. Scurvy

C. Hypercalcemia

D. Anemia

Osteomalacia

Which mineral is essential for bone health and also involved in muscle contraction and nerve transmission?A. Calcium

B. Magnesium

C. Phosphorus

D. Zinc

Calcium

What is the relationship between vitamin D, skin color, and cancer risk?

A. Dark skin absorbs vitamin D more efficiently, leading to a decreased risk of skin cancer.

B. Light skin has a higher UV exposure, increasing the risk of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer.

C. Skin color does not affect vitamin D synthesis or cancer risk.

D. Dark skin reduces vitamin D synthesis, leading to a higher risk of skin cancer.

Light skin has a higher UV exposure, increasing the risk of vitamin D deficiency and skin cancer.

Which of the following is a major role of zinc in the body?

A. Supporting bone formation through collagen synthesis

B. Enhancing the absorption of calcium from the gut

C. Assisting in the production of hemoglobin

D. Regulating gene expression and immune function

Regulating gene expression and immune function

A patient presents with fatigue, pale skin, and a history of poor dietary intake. Their iron levels are low. What is the likely diagnosis, and which type of iron would be more beneficial for their condition?

A. Vitamin B12 deficiency, non-heme iron

B. Iron-deficiency anemia, heme iron

C. Zinc deficiency, non-heme iron

D. Vitamin C deficiency, heme iron

Iron-deficiency anemia, heme iron

A 30-year-old pregnant woman presents with a folate deficiency. What congenital defect is most likely to result from this deficiency?A. Cleft palate

B. Spina bifida

C. Down syndrome

D. Premature birth

Spina bifida

A patient with osteoporosis is being treated for low calcium levels. Which of the following would most enhance calcium absorption from the gut?

A. High-fiber diet

B. Vitamin D supplementation

C. Excessive caffeine intake

D. High iron intake

Vitamin D supplementation

A child with a history of malabsorption is diagnosed with rickets. What is the most likely cause of this condition?

A. Vitamin D deficiency

B. Iron deficiency

C. Zinc toxicity

D. Folate deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency

A patient has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease and presents with low phosphorus levels. Which of the following is likely a contributing factor?

A. Excessive vitamin D intake

B. Impaired renal function affecting phosphorus retention

C. Zinc toxicity

D. Increased absorption of iron

Impaired renal function affecting phosphorus retention

___________ compounds have been shown to _____________ iron absorption from food.

Phytate, impair