English for medical sciences - Chapter 1 & 2

Anatomy

Study of structures and arrangement of body parts

Physiology

Study of how body functions

Tissue

Made with cells to carry out specific functions

Epithelial

Cover external body surfaces and line internal body cavities

Connective

Supports and connects other tissues

Organs

Built by tissues, carry out certain functions

Pancreas

Organ which regulates blood sugar

Gallbladder

Organ which stores and concentrates bile

Cell membrane

Surrounds the cytoplasm and regulates what comes in and out of the cell

Nucleus

Stores genetic information

Homeostasis

Ideal state for the cell to function

Rib cage

Superior part of thorax, surrounds heart, lungs

Ureters

Pass blood to the bladder

Chyme

Product of digestion

Seminal vesicles

Help transport sperm to the urethra

Sole

Inferior surface of feet

Nostril

One of two external openings of the nose

Armpit/Axilla

Hollow area under the shoulder

Calf

Posterior of the lower part of the lower limbs/extremities

Shin

Anterior of the lower part of the lower limbs/extremities

Coronal

Plane that cuts the body into anterior and posterior parts

Sagittal

Divides the body into left and right parts

Transverse

Divides the body inte superior and inferior parts

Abdominopelvic

Cavity of the inferior part of the trunk

Endocrine

System of organs which produces hormons

Larynx

Most upper part of the throat, superior to the trachea

Alveoli

Pęcherzyk płucny

Duodenum

First section of the small intetine, connected directly to the stomach

Popliteal space

Hallow depression located at the back of the knee join;, contains artery, vein and tibial nerve

Sebaceous

Gland that produces oily substance lubricating the skin

Groin

Hollow area in the junction of the inner thigh and the trunk

Thyroid

Gland that produces hormones regulating metabolism, growth and development, located at the front of the neck

Parathyroid

4 glands located at the front of the neck

Pituitary

Gland located at their base of the brain

Spleen

Located at the upper left side of the abdomen, they store white blood cells and remove old and damaged blood cells

Thymus

Located just below the neck, under the top of the sternum, T cells mature there

Lingual tonsils

Located at the base of the tongue

Integumentary

System of the skin and its derivatives

Chyme

Semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that forms in the stomach during digestion

bile

Digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

clammy

Skin that feels unusually moist and cold to touch

fontanelle

Soft, membranous gap between the bones of a newborn’s skull

osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease that primarily affects weight-bearing joints

Shoulder girdle

Consists of scapula, clavicle and the upper extremitie

Peritoneum

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of abdominal organs

sudoriferous

Glands responsible for thermoregulation through perspiration

pineal body

Small reddish body, size of a cherry stone, produces melatonin, located in the central part of the brain

Navel, umbiicus

Round depression in the center of the abdomen

follicle

Cell made in ovaries to reproduce, released by a human female 13 times a year

gingivae

Red and puffy structure inside the mouth that holds teeth in their place; they might bleed during tooth brushing

Comprehensive

Head-to-toe assessment which includes all body systems; is performed to gain general knowledge about patient’s health

Focused

Assesments performed on a certain body part or location of a body; usually done after an interview where patient points out certain place of pain or change

diaphragm

Part of the stethoscope that detects high-frequency sounds like bowel or lung sounds

bell

Part of the stethoscope that detects low-frequency sounds like heart sounds

Inspection

Visually examining the patient

Palpation

Pressing down with your hand onto certain body parts to feel its structure

Bimanual

Type of palpation when using 2 hands; upper hand applied pressure and the bottom hand feels the underlying structures

Percussion

Tapping the surface of the body in order to produce sounds or vibrations to reveal information about underlying organs.

Middle finger is placed on the skin over a suspected place of a certain organ and the other middle finger is used to quickly tap on the layed finger

dull

Sound when percussion a solid organ like liver

resonance

Sound made when perussing air-filled organs like lungs

Auscultation

Listening to the sounds made by the body; might be done using the stethoscope

stridor

sound made by larynx while breathing

wheezes

sound made by the lower airways while breathing

edema

when organs or structures get patologically bigger

pruritis

uncomfortable feeling on the skin which makes you want to scratch it

hepatitis

inflammation of liver

pneumomia

inflammation of lungs

nephritis

inflammation of kidneys

gastric ulcer

loss of mucous membrane in certain spots in stomach and duodenum

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

angina pectoris

Pain in the thorax caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart ususally caused by narrowing of coronary veins

cholecystitis

inflammation of gallbladder

ulcerative colitis

inflammation of mucous membrane of the large intestine or the anus