test 2

Photosynthesis

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy; water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll are all essential to the process which ultimately produces carbohydrate with oxygen being released byproduct

Respiration

the cellular breakdown a sugar, accompanied by the release of energy.

Metabolism

the sum of all the interrelated chemical processes occurring in a living organism

Enzymes

One of the numerous complex proteins that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living cell without being used up in the reaction.

Anabolism

metabolic reactions in which chemical bonds are formed

Catabolism

Metabolic reactions which require chemical bonds to be broken

Cellular respiration

metabolic process that involves the breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy

Oxidation reduction reactions

chemical reactions involving gain or loss of electrons to or from a compound

Oxidation

involving the loss of one or more electrons

Reduction

process involving the gain of one or more electrons

ATP

adenosine tri phosphate. A molecule with three phosphate groups found in all living cells. It is the principal vehicle for energy storage and exchange and cell metabolism.

Chlorophyll

green pigments essential to photosynthesis

Photosynthetic unit

1 or two groups of about 250 to 400 pigment molecules, each that function together in chloroplast in the light reactions of photosynthesis. The units are exceedingly numerous in each chloroplast.

Light dependent reactions

A series of chemical and physical reactions through which light energy is converted to chemical energy with the aid of chlorophyll molecules.

Light independent reactions

A series of chemical reactions that uses carbon dioxide and energy to form products

NADP

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A high energy storage molecule that temporarily accept electrons from photos system one in the light reaction reactions of photosynthesis

NADPH

Acronym for a high energy compound called reduce NADP

Calvin cycle

Photons

a unit of light energy

Photo systems

collective term for a specific functional aggregation of photosynthetic units

P700

special reaction center molecule for photosystem one

P680

special reaction center molecule for photosystem ii

PQ

acronym for an electron accepted in the light dependent reactions called plastoquinone

Cytochromes

iron containing protein involved in the molecule transferred in an electron transport system

FD

abbreviation for an iron, sulfur acceptor molecule called ferredoxin

FAD

flavin adenine dinucleotide, a hydrogen acceptor molecule involved in the krebs cycle of respiration and in photosynthesis

chemiosmosis

A theory that energy is provided for phosphorylation by protons being pumped across mitochondria and thylakoid membranes

C3. Plants.

plant in which the first isolated product of the light independent reactions is 3-phosphoglyceric acid

Photorespiration

Alternate photosynthetic process that prevents photo oxidative damage and C3 plants

PEP carboxylase

an enzyme involved in the C4 photosynthetic pathway that combines carbon dioxide with phosphoenolphyruvate

C4 plants

plant in which the first isolated product of the light independent reaction is oxaloacetic acid

Aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires free oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

respiration in which the hydrogen removed from the glucose during glycolysis is typically combined with an inorganic ion in the absence of oxygen

Fermentation

respiration in which that hydrogen removed from the glucose during glycolysis is transferred back to pyruvic acid creating substance such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Glycolysis

The initial phase of all types of respiration in which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid without involving free oxygen

NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A molecule that during respiration temporarily accepts electrons whose negative charges are balanced by also accepting protons and thereby hydrogen atoms.

Citric acid cycle

A complex series of reactions following glycolysis and aerobic respiration that involves ATP mitochondria and enzymes, and that results in the combining of free oxygen or protons and electrons from pyruvic acid to make water.

FADH2

acronym for a high energy compound called reduce Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Assimilation

Cellular conversion of raw materials into protoplasm and cell walls.

Digestion

an enzyme controlled conversion of complex, usually insoluble substance to simpler, usually soluble subtances

diffusion

The random movement of molecules or particles from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration, ultimately resulting in uniform distribution

solvent

A substance usually liquid capable of dissolving another substance

semi permeable

Allow some molecules to pass through it, but not others

Osmosis

The diffusion of water or other solvent through a differentially permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

osmotic potential

A measure of the potential of water to move from one cell to another as influenced by solute concentration

turgid

firm or swollen because of internal water pressures resulting from osmosis

turgor pressure

pressure with a cell resulting from the uptake of water

pressure potential

turgor that builds up against the cell wall as a result of water entering the vacuole

water potential

The potential of water to move from one location to another as influenced by osmotic, pressure, and other influence

plasmolysis

the shrinking in volume of the protoplasm of a cell in the separation of the protoplasm from the cell wall due to the loss of water via osmosis

imbibition

absorption of water and subsequent swelling of organic materials based on the adhesion of the water molecules to the internal surfaces

active transport

the expenditure of energy by cell moving a substance across a plasma membrane across a diffusion gradient

hydathode

structure at the tip of a leaf vein through which water is forced by root pressures

guttation

the exudation from leaves of water in liquid form due to root pressure

pressure flow hypothesis

the theory that food substances in solution in plants flow along a concentration gradient between the sources of the food and sinks where the food is utilizing

Essential elements

One of the 18 elements generally considered essential to the normal growth development and reproduction of most plants

hydroponics

technique used to grow plants using mineral nutrient solutions without soil