APES formulas

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13 Terms

1
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Population density

Population density = population/ area

2
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Growth rate %

Growth rate = (births-deaths/ total population) x 100

3
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Doubling time (rule of 70)

Number of years to double = 70/ annual % growth rate

4
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Crude birth/ death rate

Births/ deaths/ total population x 100

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Crude growth rate

CBR-CDR/ 10

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Per capita

Population measurement / population size

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Net population change

(Births + immigration) - (deaths - emigration)

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Percent change

% increase = new - initial value/ initial value x 100

9
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Rate of change

final value- initial value/ final year - initial year

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Half life

Amount remaining = (original amount) x (0.5^x

(x = # of half lives)

11
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Total energy used

kWx hours = kWh

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Energy efficiency

Efficiency of step 1 x efficiency of step 2, etc. x 100

13
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Primary productivity

NPP = GPP - R