AP Psychology Unit 6: Social Development, Erikson, Kohlberg, Baumrind, Ainsworth, and others

social development

the ability to interact with others snd social structures

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (1) Trust vs. Mistrust

1 yo, infant decide if they can trust their needs will be met, allows secure attachment to be formed

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

1-3yo, develop control and bodily functions

resolution: potty training, walking

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (3) Initiate vs. Guilt

3-6yo, child enters school and take initiate and assert themselves to build confidence

resolution: development of sense of purpose, confidence and self-esteem

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (4) Industry vs. Inferiority

6-12yo, children are in school and develop more self autonomy while also receiving feedback and compare themselves

resolution: sense of competence

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (5) Identity vs. Role Confusion

adolescent, searching for identity, question themselves, form values

resolution: fidelity

fidelity

truthfulness to oneself

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation

early adulthood, form loving connections

resolution: love, if unresolved it may lead to isolation

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (7) Generativity vs. Stagnation

middle adulthood, “midlife crisis”, struggle to be productive and contribute to next generation

generativity

being productive for the next generation

stagnation

feeling as if one has accomplished little for society

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development (8) Integrity vs. Despair

old age, struggle to come to terms with one’s life, either the acceptance of success or failure

resolution: wisdom, lack of resolution leads to bitterness and despair

temperament

notion that some childhood behavior is biologically based rather than learned

Konrad Lorenz

posited hat child attachment behavior is innate by basing his ideas about attachment in ducks that formed a connection with him

imprinting

when an animal is going through a critical learning period and establishes a behavior pattern

Harry and Margaret Harlow

demonstrated that monkey infants seek comfort and security, not only food as monkeys chose a fake monkey mother that was soft and not wired

attachment

tendency to prefer specific, familiar individuals

John Bowlby

father of attachment theory, pioneered the psychoanalytic view that early childhood experiences play an important role on development and behavior later in life

Mary Ainsworth

studied human infant attachment styles, recognized 4 patterns using the strange situation

strange situation experiment

a parent leaves a child with a stranger and then returns

secure attachment

60% of infants, child is happy in the presence of caretaker, distressed when they leave, and consoled quickly after they return

avoidant attachment

20% infants, actively avoids mom, does not care when she leaves

ambivalent attachment

10% infants, avoids mother but is in distress when they leave and have difficulty being consoled atfter

disorganized attachment

5% infants, child is confused, fearful, and/or fazed, commonly the result of abuse

Diana Baumrind

identified three types of parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative

authoritarian parenting style

high control, low warmth, extreme obedience is highly valued

adults tend to become withdrawn and lack decision making and initiative

authoritative parenting style

high control, high warmth, obedience is valued but also supports independence

adults tend to become socially competent, independent, and have high-self esteem

permissive parenting style

low control, high warmth, children can do naything

adults lack responsibility and are impulsive

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

identified the ways people come to terms with terminal illness or the stages of death and dying

stages of death and dying

“5 stages of grief”, denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Lawrence Kohlberg

expanded on Piaget’s theory, proposed an influential theory of moral development

Kohlbergs’s Theory (1) Preconventional Morality

7-10yo, child believes avoiding punishment is dictator of morality

Kohlbergs’s Theory (2) Conventional Morality

10-16yo, believes society’s rules are a dictator of morality

Kohlbergs’s Theory (3) Postconventional Morality

16yo+, internal set of values are moral, even if they conflict with society’s morals

Carol Gilligan

believed moral reasoning and behaviors are separate actions, developed a revised version of Kohlberg’s theory that focuses on development of caring relationships

criticism of Kohlberg

doesn’t apply to non-Western people or women

James Marcia

looked at how individuals gain a better sense of identity, believe that identity was developed by exploration by an individual and commitment to that identity

foreclosure

high commitment to an identity but low exploration

identity diffusion

low commitment to any identities and low exploration, may be apathetic or not know what they want to do in life

moratorium

low commitment but high exploration, thinking about values and what is important in life

identity achievement

high commitment, high exploration and has come to terms with themselves and their identity