SWINE MED COMBINED [FINAL HAHAHA]

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Adjuvants

Adjuvants

enhance the immune response to a vaccine

Preservatives

prevent bacterial or fungal contamination of vaccine

Additives

stabilize vaccines from adverse conditions such as freeze-drying or heat, thereby maintaining a vaccine's potency

Aluminum hydroxide

MILDEST ADJUVANT

The reaction is there but is not very visible and will disappear over a short period of time.

Water based adjuvant

MORE "POWERFUL" ADJUVANT

*Create a bigger and longer lasting reaction than aluminum hydroxide.

*Give a very high antibody response that will last for 6 months after only one initial vaccination.

Oil adjuvants

MOST AGGRESSIVE ADJUVANT

Least desirable due to substantial "lumps" created and the length of time they persist

Antigen, Carrier/Vehicle, Adjuvant, Preservatives, Buffer system

What are the 5 vaccine components

Live Virus Vaccine

a biological product that contains a modified live virus (MLV), also called an attenuated virus.

Killed Virus Vaccine

type of product contains virus particles that are inactivated and unable to replicate in the vaccinated animal. These products usually contain adjuvant, which enhance the immune response

Bacterins

any product containing inactivated bacteria and their growth products

Toxoid

product produced by inactivating the exotoxins of certain bacteria. These products are cell free and generate an antitoxin response in animal

Bacterin/Toxoid

a combination of two different biological products. Each fraction generates a particular response by the animal's defense mechanism, namely antibody and antitoxin responses.

Live Bacterial Vaccine

may be called a live avirulent culture vaccine. This product contains organisms that are nonpathogenic for target animals.

Sub-unit Vaccines

these products contain bacterial or viral extract. The extracts are the important antigenic portions of the disease causing organism.

Autogenous Vaccines

vaccines made from bacteria isolated from a specific farm and used only on that far,. They are not products generated from standard cultures and are usually used before commercial vaccines are available.

adjuvant

*Induce inflammation at the site of vaccination

*May cause local irritation and swelling at site of vaccination

1 1/2

Needle IM Injxn for Sows and Boars: ( length (in) )

1

Needle IM Injxn for:( length (in) )

60-250 lbs

27-113 kgs

5/8 - 3/4

Needle IM Injxn for:( length (in) )

10-16 lbs

4.5-27 kgs

1/2 - 5/8

Needle IM Injxn for:( length (in) )

< 10 lbs

< 4.5 kgs

16-18

Gauge for sows and boars ( length (in) )

16-18

Gauge used for swine:

60-250 lbs

27-113 kgs

18

Gauge used for swine:

10-16 lbs

4.5-27 kgs

20

Gauge used for swine:

< 10 lbs

< 4.5 kgs

1

Needle SQ Injxn for Sows and Boar: ( length (in) )

3/4

Needle SQ Injxn for: ( length (in) )

60-250 lbs

27-113 kgs

1/2 - 3/4

Needle SQ Injxn for: ( length (in) )

10-16 lbs

4.5-27 kgs

1/2

Needle SQ Injxn for: ( length (in) )

< 10 lbs

< 4.5 kgs

12

Max amt per site (mL) for sows and boars

8

Max amt per site (mL) for:

60-250 lbs

27-113 kgs

5

Max amt per site (mL) for:

10-16 lbs

4.5-27 kgs

2

Max amt per site (mL) for:

< 10 lbs

< 4.5 kgs

Dark black spots

What makes this lungs different from a normal one?

Multiple small abscesses

Identify what type of lesion is present (arrows)

Inhaled bacteria, Bottom

What causes the change of color into purple in this portion of the lungs? Where this portion of the lungs is situated in the thorax of the pig when standing?

Fibrin

Identify the yellowish deposit

Lung Edema or Fluid accumulation in the lungs

Identify the cause of fractured appearance or thick lines present in the lungs

Heat stress, Stomach ulcers

Possible causes of lung edema

Oral ulcer

Identify what type of lesion is present (yellow highlight)

Foot and mouth disease

An emerging disease that causes blisters on the mouth and snout of pigs

Metabolic diseases, nutritional problems, or injury

Possible causes of oral ulcer

Enlarged liver coated with fibrin

Identify the organ and note the difference

Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis

Identify the causative agents that causes a massive amount of fibrin coating the heart in pigs

Bacterial infection

Cause of fibrin formation: Bacterial or Viral infection?

Heart, Lungs

Identify which organs present in the picture

clear and thick

Normal color and consistency of joint fluid

clear and white

Normal apperance of joint surface

Synovium

Tissue collected from joint capsule for histopath examination

Torque

What material is being used to pop open the joint?

Swab, Syringe

Materials for collecting joint fluid

Disease

any deviation from the normal health which temporarily impairs vital functions.

Farm Biosecurity

measures imposed to protect a biological system from attack by potentially harmful microorganisms that can reduce the level of health of man and animals

Disease Control in Host

provide proper nutrition to enhance animal resistance to disease or by selecting breeds, which are more resistant to diseases

Disease Control in Agent

proper use of biologicals, antimicrobials and disinfectants

Disease Control in Environment

properly designed housing structure and farm lay out (e.g. ventilation)

Equilibrium

Host and agent must be in a state of _____________ with the environment acting as a balancer.

False

True or False.

Any disturbance in this balance of relationship between host and agent will not lead to disease

True

True or False.

Much attention is concentrated on the causative agents of the disease themselves leading to an over reliance on biologicals and antimicrobials.

Host, Environment

It has to be emphasized that two other components of the health triad, namely ____ and ___________ share equal importance in the causation of the disease.

Bioexclusion

Other term of External biosecurity

External biosecurity

involves practices and techniques directed at the prevention of entry of new diseases into a herd

Biocontainment

Other term of Internal biosecurity

Internal biosecurity

involves practices and techniques that are directed at the prevention of spread of disease within an existing herd

4-6 months

Controlled decomposition of organic materials

Composting

process of placing carcasses in layers with a carbon source and manure to allow the natural heating process to break down the carcass

Cap or Cover

• insulates and isolates

• sheds precipitation

• absorbs gases and odors

• deters pests

Base

absorbs liquids, allows air to enter

Core media

• absorbs gases and odors

• separates carcasses and isolates intermediate layers

• provides C, energy, mass and volume

• absorbs liquids

12 inches

Cap or cover must not be less than __ inches

True

True or False.

Carcasses must be turned from time to time

Sanitation

employment of hygienic measures to promote health and prevent diseases; more than simply cleaning

Environmental Management

• Assessing animal’s thermal comfort

• Stocking Density

• Feeds and water availability

• Provisions for hospital pens

Sanitation and Hygiene

• cleaning and disinfection of facilities

• observing rest period

• sanitizing water lines and chlorination of drinking water

• provision for footbaths

• prompt disposal of dead animals

All In All Out System

describes the management system where animals are moved into and out of buildings as a group

True

True or False.

One of the “all in all out system” advantages is to improve the herd health by reducing infections between animals of different ages

False

True or False.

Farm personnel and selected visitors are not required to take a bath and change clothing before they gain entry to the restricted area

True

True or False.

bringing of uncooked meats and meat products in the farm should be strictly avoided

Fumigation box

equipment and supplies needed in the farm should pass the _____________ or sprayed with disinfectant

24

a __ hour break cycle should be observed when visiting farms or observe the shower in shower out policy when transferring in between farms

False

True or False.

Stray animals are allowed within the farm

Old biosecurity habits

movement of vehicles, supplies, equipment, and visitors

New biosecurity concept

• restricting the movements of vehicles, supplies, equipment and visitors at the entry zone

• implementing quarantine measures in the buffer zone

• creating the clean zone

  • risk zone

  • buffer zone

  • clean zone

• enhancing hygiene and awareness of the farm workers

Entry zone

Where the restricting the movement of vehicles, supplies, equipment and visitors happen

Buffer zone

This is where the quarantine measures are implemented

Clean zone

the location of the animals that we are planning to protect. This zone contains only the pathogens that are a normal part of their 'health status'

normal lung

when a ______ is squeezed, the air exits and the collapsed lung remains flat

diseased lung

in a _____ the air is usually trapped. When squeezed the lung rebounds after touch ad fingerprints do not remain

Actinobacillus suis

the dark spots that appear in a diseased lung with bacterial infection is caused by ____

Left side - Normal lung
Right side - lung with bacterial infection

identify where is the normal and diseased lung

uniform in color

a normal lung in _____ in color and texture

Natural resistance

Type of bacterial resistance. – intrinsic property of the organism that confers resistance

Acquired resistance

Type of bacterial resistance. – the organism used to be sensitive but had become resistant due to prolonged use

Antibiotic modification

UNDER MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

some bacteria have enzymes that cleave or modify antibiotics: e.g. b lactamase inactivates penicillin

Production of alternative target (typically enzyme)

UNDER MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

e.g. Alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) in MRSA

Altered target site

UNDER MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

antibiotic cannot bind to its intended target because the target itself has been modified

Denied access

UNDER MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

membrane becomes impermeable for antibiotic: e.g. imipenem

Pumping out the antibiotic faster than it gets in

UNDER MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE

e.g. tetracyclines

Promoter

site in the DNA which the RNA polymerase recognizes as an initiation signal to indicate where transcription of RNA begins

Repressor

protein coded by the regulatory gene

Inducer

molecule that stimulates synthesis of protein by binding with repressor