Maternity Exam 1

Number of chromosomes in an ovum (egg) or sperm

Contains one set of 23 chromosomes

who determines the sex of the fetus

the male gamete

where does the ovum (egg) get fertilized

Fertilized in the outer third portion of the fallopian tube.

Gestational age for embryo

Weeks 1-12

Gestational age for fetus

2nd trimester weeks 13-28

3rd trimester weeks 29-40

mono and dizygotic twin determination and possible education interventions

monozygotic twins - formed when a single fertilized egg (ovum) splits, typically have separate amniotic sacs but share a placenta, will always be the same sex

Dizygotic twins - occurs when 2 separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm, each twin has their own amniotic sac and placenta, Will not possess the exact same genetic material.

hormone active in pregnancy test

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

gestational age of viability

weighing at least 500 grams or more than 20 weeks gestation.

prenatal care schedule for uncomplicated pregnancies and nursing interventions

monthly for the first 28 weeks of gestation

every 2 weeks from 28 weeks until 36 weeks of gestation

weekly from 36 weeks until childbirth.

Calculate Edd using Nagele’s rule

subtract 3 months form the first day of the last menstrual period, then add 7 days.

normal expected weight gain and increased calories recommended for a “normal weight mother”

Recommended weight gain - she should gain 25 to 35 lbs during pregnancy

Increased calories recommendation - increase her daily calorie intake by 300 calories.

folic acid

AKA folate, prevents neural tube defects.

if pregnant, recommended daily allowance for folic acid is 600 mcg per day.

foods that contain calcium

dairy products, cabbage, turnip greens, tofu, almonds

positive signs of pregnancy

directly attributed to the presence of a fetus and are confirmed by an experienced health-care provider

includes; -attributed to the pressence of a fetus

-confirmed by an experienced health-care provider

-fetal heart auscultation by Doppler

-fetal movement felt by an experienced practitioner

-ultrasounds; used to verify embryo or fetus

age of “elderly primp” or geriatric mother

35 years old and older

when can a mom receive the rubella vaccine

immediately after giving birth

differences between abruptio placenta and palcenta previa

abruptio placenta - premature speration of a normally implanted placenta from the uterine wall before delivery.

• usually occurs in the third trimester.

• may be caused by; trauma, smoking/cocaine, history of abruption, sudden uterine decompression,

• painful vaginal bleeding, abdominal or back pain

Placenta Previa - placenta is abnormally implanted in the lower uterine segment, partially or completely covering the cervical os.

• Usually diagnosed in the second or third trimester, often seen on routine ultrasound

• may be caused by previous C-section or uterine surgery, multiple prengancies, multiple gestation, maternal age >35, smoking

• painless vaginal bleeding, bleeding often after 20 weeks, no uterine tenderness.

hormones active for ovulation

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Estrogen

Progesterone

sperm viability in female on or around reproductive tract

In the female reproductive tract - can live up to 5 days, but usually 3 days.

outside the body or in the vagina - sperm die within minutes to 1 hour.

best area for implantation of fertilized egg

in the uterine lining, specifically the endometrium

interventions for nausea in first trimester; maternal characteristics in first trimester

Nausea interventions -

• dietary adjustments

• hydration

• ginger

• vitamin b6

• acupressure

• avoid triggers

Maternal Characteristics -

• fatigue

• N/V

• breast tenderness and enlargement

• increased urination

• mild cramping or spotting

• constipation

• mood swings

  • rise in hCG, progesterone, estrogen, and relaxin

function of amniotic fluid

referred to “bag of waters”

• acts as a cushion to the fetus

• allows fetal movement

  • can be used for fetal health and maturity analysis

assessment and intervention for a mother who is a victim of domestic violence

Assessment - ACOG suggests screening for violence at each prenatal visit, absence for prenatal appointments may be a indication of violence

Ectoderm

Outer layer; forms the nervous system, skin epidermis, glands, tooth enamel, and the lens and cornea of the eye

Mesoderm

Middle layer; connective tissue, musculoskeletal, circulatory system, and the dermis of the skin

Endoderm

Inner layer; digestive tract, accessory organs, respiratory tract, kidney nephrons, bladder, and endocrine glands.

assessment of acceptance of fatherhood

Psychological changes -

• ambivalence (conflicting feelings about the pregnancy), strong protective feelings, concern about ability to be a good father, examination of own child-father relationship, concern about providing emotional support, coping mechanisms.

Impact of circumstances -

• not accepting changes, feeling left out, unsure of the relationship after baby is born, engaging in extramarital affairs, expressing disappointment and frustration

Screening for violence -

• at each prenatal visit