final management

Planning

Setting objectives and determining how to accomplish them.

Organising

Grouping and assigning tasks, allocating resources, and coordinating.

Leading

Influencing others to do their best work for the organisation.

Controlling

Measuring performance against desired results.

Top managers

Managers responsible for the whole organisation, at the top of the hierarchy.

Middle managers

Managers responsible for business units and departments.

First-line managers

Managers responsible for the production of goods and services in smaller work groups.

Technical skills

The ability to apply expertise and perform a special task.

Human skills

The ability to work well with others through effective interpersonal interactions.

Conceptual skills

The ability to understand the organisation as a whole and its relationship between parts.

Programmed decisions

Routine decisions made in well-structured situations.

Non-programmed decisions

Unique decisions made in poorly defined and largely unstructured situations.

Defining the problem

The process of determining the right issue to address.

Brainstorming

A method to generate ideas without criticism.

Risk propensity

The willingness to undertake risks for the opportunity of greater payoff.

Power theory

The potential ability to influence the behaviors of others.

Influence

The effect a person's actions have on the attitudes or behaviors of others.

Servant leadership

A leadership style focused on serving others and the organisation.

Authentic leadership

Leadership that is consistent with ethical values and promotes trust.

Motivation

A set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes someone persist in their efforts.

Self-determination theory

A theory that explains motivation on a continuum from intrinsic to extrinsic.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory that categorizes human needs into five levels of priority.

Goal setting theory

The theory that specific and challenging goals, along with feedback, enhance performance.

Equity theory

The principle that individuals seek fairness in the rewards they receive.

Single-use plans

Plans developed for goals that are unlikely to be repeated in the future.

Standing plans

Ongoing plans used for guidance in tasks performed repeatedly within an organisation.

Strategic management

The set of decisions and actions to formulate and implement strategies.

Competitive advantage

An advantage that allows an organisation to outperform its competitors.

Productivity

A measure of efficiency calculated as outputs divided by inputs.

Consumer behaviour

The analysis of how individuals or groups decide to buy goods and services.

Credibility

The quality of being trusted and believed in, important for effective communication.

Logistics

The management of the flow of goods and services to meet the buyer's requirements.

Diversity management

The strategy of creating a fair and inclusive workplace for individuals of different backgrounds.