Chapter 1: Respiration and Phonation

Inhalation brings ____ to the blood

oxygen

Respiratory structures

• lungs

• bronchi

• trachea

• spinal column

• sternum

• rib cage

Exhalation helps ____ that results from respiratory metabolism

Get rid of gas and mixed air

Respiration is defined as

The exchange of gas

Medulla Oblongata

• Located in the brainstem

• Fires impulses to respiratory muscles when there is an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Respiration creates ___ for phonation (speech production)

Energy

What is the basic process of inhalation (7)

1. Inhalation

2. chest and lungs expand

3. diaphragm lowers

4. air flows through the nose and mouth

5. air goes down into the pharynx and between open vocal folds

6. air continues downward through trachea and bronchial tubes

7. you’ve made it to the lungs!

Thoracic cavity

Where are the lungs located?

Healthy lungs look

• Pink

• Spongy

• Porus

• Elastic

Which lung is smaller?

The left lung

• due to the placement of the heart

Describe the lobes of the left vs right lung

• left has 2 lobes

• right has 3 lobes

Bronchi

Cartilaginous rings that extend from the lungs up to the trachea

The bronchi divide into what?

Bronchioles

• create bronchial rings that open up into air sacs in the lungs for air exchange

When you exhale the air goes up through the ____

Trachea

The trachea has 20 what?

Cartilaginous rings

The trachea divides to create

The left and right primary bronchi aka “bifurcates”

Spinal Column

• 32-33 vertebrae

• 5 segments

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)

• fused in adults

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

3-4 coccygeal vertebrae which fused together are called coccyx

Sternum/breastbone 3 parts

• Manubrium: attachment for he clavicle and 1st rib

• Corpus: aka the body/ribs 2-7 cartilages

• Xiphoid process: bottom of sternums body

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12 pairs

What organs do the ribs protect?

The heart and lungs

Diaphragm

• Primary muscle for respiration

• Located at the floor of the chest cavity

• Thick dome shaped

• Separates the abdomen from the thorax

Abdomen

• Houses important muscles to support breathing

  • intestines, liver, kidney

Intercostal muscles

• 11 pairs

• muscles between ribs

• pull the ribs down to decrease the diamater of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

External intercostals

• 11 pairs

• raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation

Muscles that elevate the ribs

• Serratus posterior superior

• Levator costarum brevis

• Levator costarum longus

• External intercostal

Accessory muscles of the neck

• elevate and stabilize the head and neck during inhale

  • sternocleidomastoid

  • trapezius

  • sclaenes

Accessory muscles of the shoulder/arms

• Increase/decrease rib cage dimensions

  • pectoralis major

  • pectoralis minor

  • serratus anterior

  • levator scapulae

What muscle stabilizes the shoulder girdle

Rhomboideus major and minor

Muscles that depresses the ribs

• Internal intercostal

• Innermost intercostal

• Transversus thoracis

Two posterior thoracic muscles that support exhalation in respiration

• Subcostal muscle: depresses thorax

• Serratus posterior inferior muscle: pulls the ribcage down in exhalation

Muscles of expiration stabilize and compress the abdominal wall for exhalation which include:

• Latissimus dorsi

• Rectus abdominis

• Transverse abdominis

• Internal oblique abdominis

• Quadratus lumborum

Latissimus dorsi

Stabilizes posterior abdominal wall for expiration

Rectus abdominis

Flexes vertebral column

Transverse abdominis and internal oblique abdominis

Both compress abdomen

Quadratus lumborum

Supports abdominal compression through bilateral contraction, which fixes abdominal walls

Where is the larynx aka voice box and what does it house?

• Top of the trachea

• Houses the vocal folds

How is phonation conducted?

With energy supplied from respiration

Adduction means to

Move inward

Abduction means to

Move out - vibration

The larynx has 3 biological functions which are

• Closure of the trachea to prevent food/substances from entering

• Production of the cough to expel foreign objects

• Closure of the VF to create subglottic pressure when completing heavy tasks

The larynx is suspended by the _____ which floats under the ____

• Hyoid bone

• under the mandible/lower jaw

  • also attached are the tongue, mandible, skull, and larynx

Epiglottis

The cartilage flap that drops to cover the larynx during swallow

Thyroid cartilage

• largest laryngeal cartilage

• forms lateral and anterior wall

• protects the laryns

Thyroid angle

Two laminal or plates that meet in the midline

Thyroid notch

• Superior part of the thyroid angle

• Two pairs of horns known as cornu

Superior vs Inferior cornu

Superior cornu: extends upward to meet the hyoid bone

Inferior cornu: extends down to meet the cricoid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

• Uppermost cartialge ring

• linked with the thyroid cartilage and paried arytenoid cartialges

Arytenoid cartilages

Small cartilage connected to the cricoid

• Allows for sliding/circular movement of the larynx

Corniculate cartilages

Assist the laryngeal opening during swallow

Cuneiform cartilages

Stiffen/tense the aryepiglottic folds

The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for what?

Controlling sound production

Thyroarytenoids

• Paired muscles that attach to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

• Divided into internal and external arytenoids

External thyroarytenoid

When contracted, aids VF adduction

Internal thyroarytenoid

• AKA vocalis muscle

• In charge of producing vibrations/sounds

Adductor muscles work to ___ the VF

Compress

• lateral cricoarytenoid

• transverse arytenoid

• oblique arytenoid

Cricothyroid

In charge of lengthening VF

• Pitch changer

• Vocal pitch alters by tensing/stretching the VF

Posterior cricoarytenoid

ONLY muscle in charge of abduction

Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the _____ nerve

Vagus (x)

The extrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for

Supporting the larynx and fixing it’s position

Elevators of the larynx

Raise the larynx and are attached above the hyoid bone

• digastric

• geniohyoid

• mylohyoid

• stylohyoid

• hypoglossus

• genioglossus

Depressors of the larynx

Lower the larynx and attach below the hyoid bone

• thyroid

• omohyoid

• sternothyroid

• sternohyoid

Most extrinsic muscles are innervated by cranial nerves

• V

• VII

• X

• XII

What are the 3 layers of the vocal folds?

1. Epithelium

2. Laminal propria

3. Vocalis muscle - mass and stability

Aryepiglottic folds

Separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx

Ventricular vocal folds

• AKA false folds

• Vibrate at a low frequency

  • coughing or heavy lifting

Cortical area 4

Primary motor cortex

Cortical area 44

Brocas area

Cortical area 1,2,and 3

Somatosensory

Area 6

Supplementary motor cortex

The cranial nerves involved in phonation

• VII

• X

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

• Receives sensory information from larynx

• Externally receives motor info from cricothyroid

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

• Sensory information below the vocal fold

• Motor output from arytenoids

The cerebellum’s primary function is to ______ which is critical for coordination of the _____

• Regulate motor movement

• Laryngeal muscles for phonation