Unit 7: Period 7: 1890–1945 (copy)

Populists

Aggrieved farmers advocating radical reforms and seeking government intervention.

Progressives

Urban, middle-class reformers building on Populism's achievements and advocating for government reforms.

Root of Progressivism

Growing associations of educated, middle-class individuals offended by corruption and urban poverty.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corporate greed and misconduct, boosting the Progressive movement.

Ballot initiative

A process by which voters can propose legislation or constitutional amendments.

Recall election

A procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office before the end of their term.

Sherman Antitrust Act

A federal statute aimed at preventing anti-competitive business practices.

Trustbuster

A nickname for Theodore Roosevelt for his efforts to break up monopolies.

Dollar diplomacy

William Howard Taft's foreign policy promoting American financial interests abroad.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's policies emphasizing government control over business to restore competition.

Federal Trade Commission

A federal agency established to protect consumers and prevent anti-competitive business practices.

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

Legislation aimed at strengthening antitrust laws to protect against monopolies.

Progressive Era

A period of social and political reforms from the 1890s to the 1920s emphasizing government action.

Espionage Act of 1917

Law prohibiting interference with military operations or support for U.S. enemies during wartime.

Sedition Act of 1918

Law making it illegal to speak disparagingly about the government or military.

Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court case ruling that free speech can be restricted during wartime in the presence of a clear and present danger.

Palmer Raids

1920 government raids targeting suspected radicals, often violating civil liberties.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Government agency created to influence public opinion in favor of the war through propaganda.

The Great Migration

Mass movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities for jobs during WWI.

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's plan outlining principles for peace and post-war recovery after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations on Germany.

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

Legislation establishing immigration quotas aimed at restricting Eastern and Southern European immigrants.

Scopes Monkey Trial

A 1925 trial challenging a Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution.

Prohibition

The nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Tariff act aiming to protect American industry that worsened the Great Depression.

Emergency Banking Relief Bill

Legislation aimed at stabilizing the banking system by controlling poorly managed banks.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A government agency that insures deposits in banks to maintain public confidence.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Law providing financial aid to farmers in return for reducing production.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Legislation promoting fair competition and preventing economic collapse.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A New Deal agency that created millions of jobs through public works projects.

Social Security Administration

A government agency created to provide financial security for the elderly and disabled.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

International agreement to condemn war as a means of resolving disputes.

Lend-Lease Act

Program under which the U.S. supplied Allied nations with war material.

Manhattan Project

The secret U.S. project to develop atomic bombs during World War II.

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting of Allied leaders to discuss post-war reorganization of Europe.

Potsdam Conference

Post-World War II meeting to establish terms for Japan's surrender.

Iron Curtain

A metaphorical division between Western democracies and Eastern communist countries post WWII.

Atomic bomb

A nuclear weapon that uses nuclear reactions to generate massive explosions.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

U.S government agency created to combat internal security threats, including radicalism.

Sacco and Vanzetti trial

A controversial trial in which two Italian immigrants were convicted of murder, highlighting nativism.

Labor Disputes Act of 1943

address labor disputes that threatened war production during World War II. It granted the authority to seize and operate war plants, prohibit strikes in those plants, and hold unions liable for damages if they failed to provide 30-day notice of a strike.