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Vegetative plant parts include
stems, leaves and roots
angiosperm reproductive centers
fruits or the place with flowers
what shapes plant anatomy?
natural selection
shoot system includes?
stem, leaves, fruit
vascular system
transports sugars from leaves to roots and water and minerals up from roots to leaves
nodes
where leaves attach to stem
internodes
the space between nodes
terminal buds
end of the stem
lateral/axiliary buds
side of the stem at each node
herbaceous plants
soft, green stems
woody plants
tough, bark-covered wood
root cells absorb
water and minerals from soil
roots depend on shoots because shoots _______, which is transported to the roots
absorb water
plants get water and nutrients from
the air and the soil
main macronutrients for plants
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
how do plants take in essential macronutrients
diffusion through leaves (stomata)
how do plants take in essential micronutrients
roots absorb minerals from soil
bacteria convert _______ and fungi convert _________ into forms plants can use
nitrogen, phosphorous
ground tissue
occupies most of the stem (where the vascular bundles are)
vascular bundles
embedded in the ground tissue
dermal tissue
covers the stem
parenchyma
ground tissue; makes up nonwoody tissues, carries out photosynthesis, respiration, gas exchange, storage
collenchyma
ground tissue; elastic support for growing stems and leaves
sclerenchyma
ground tissue; inelastic support for nongrowing plant parts
xylem
vascular tissue; moves water and minerals from roots to rest of plant
phloem
vascular tissue; moves sugar and other organic compounds from leaves to rest of plant
tracheid
xylem; conduct water and minerals through pits
vessel element
xylem; conduct water and minerals through pits and perforated end walls
sieve tube element
phloem; conduct dissolved sugars and organic compounds
companion cells
phloem; transfer materials in and out of sieve tube elements
epidermis
a layer of parenchyma cells that covers the plant
stomata
pores for gas exchange
guard cells
planted around each stoma to control its opening and closing
monocot stems
vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
eudicot stems
vascular bundles arranged in ring near the epidermis
monocot veins
straight lines
eudicot veins
netted lines
mesophyll
ground tissue inside LEAVES
monocot roots
fibrous root system, widespread network
eudicot roots
taproot system, one thick root
monocot root tissue
ring of vascular tissues surrounding a central core of pith
eudicot root tissue
solid central core of xylem
meristems
where plant growth occurs
primary growth
apical meristems
secondary growth
lateral meristems
cork cambium
lateral meristem that produces parenchyma and cork tissues
cork cells
provide insulation and waterproofing
cohesion-tension
tendency for water molecules to stick together (for xylem)
transpiration
evaporation from leaves
source cells
producers
sink cells
anything other than producers
parasitic plants
tap into other plants vascular tissue
epithelial cell
tightly packed cells that coat bodies external and internal surfaces (skin, mucus, digestive lining) can come as either simple or multiple layered of flatten, cube, or columnar cells
glands
secretory organs that are formed by epithilial tissues
basement membrane
connects epithelial tissue to underlying connective or muscle tissue
simple epithelial
one layer of cells
stratified epithelial
multiple layers of cells (skin)
squamous cells
flattened epithelial cells that allow substances to pass via osmosis and diffusion
cuboidal cells
cube shaped epithelial cells that secret and absorb susbtances
columnar cells
column shaped epithelial cells that secret and absorb substances
connective tissues
fills spaces in body and provides structural support and protects organs; scattered through extracurricular matrix
loose connective tissue
holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissues to other tissues (found under skin and between organs)
dense connective tissue
connects muscle to bone and bone to bone (ligaments, tendons)
adipose tissue
stores fat and energy for insulation (beneath skin between muscles around heart and around joints)
blood connective tissue
used for transporting gases hormones wastes and nutrients and is made of red and white blood cells
cartilage connective tissue
supports the body with flexible support
bone connective tissue
provides support in the skeleton
muscle cells
can contract thanks to actin and myosin and have lots of mitochondria to generate ATP
muscle tissue
striped or striated view and attaches to soft tissue and bone
skeletal muscle
elongated cells with many nuclei attached to skeleton
cardiac muscle tissue
provides a heartbeat and contracts heart chambers
smooth muscle tissue
spindle shaped muscle cells to produce involuntary movements in digestive tract and arteries
nervous tissue
transmits information
neurons
form communication networks
neuroglia
supports neurons
nervous and endocrine system
coordinate communication
nervous system
rapid communication between cells
endocrine system
secretes hormones for chemical communication
skeletal and muscular systems
support and move the body
skeletal system
bones ligaments and tendons, provides framework for muscle movement and protects organs
muscular system
supports posture and enables body movement
digestive system circulatory system and respiratory system
produce energy
digestive system
breaks down nutrients into chemical components
circulatory system
vessels carry blood with nutrients through the body to deliver oxygen and remove waste
respiratory system
delivers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide
urinary system, intergumentary system and immune/lymphatic systems
protect our body
urinary system
excretes wastes and maintains composition of body fluids
intergumentary system
protects the body, conserves water and controls temperature
immune/lymphatic systems
protects the body from infection injury and cancer
reproductive system
relies on hormones to produce the next generation, needs help from all the other systems to work
sensor
detects changes in the environment and responds; maintains homeostasis
effector
carries out a response after sensor; maintains homeostasis
control centers
structures that receive input from a sensor and send signals to effectors; mainly in hypothalamus
hypothalamus
part of the brain that maintains homeostasis
thermoregulation
control of body temperature
ectothermic
relies on external conditions to control body temperature (cold blooded)
endothermic
relies on internal conditions to control body temperature (warm blooded)
where are hormones secreted from
endocrine system
endocrine gland
cells that produce and secret hormones into the bloodstream
which tissues make up the endocrine system
epithelial (glands), nervous and connective (blood)
Note 
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