Bio Module 2

Vegetative plant parts include

stems, leaves and roots

angiosperm reproductive centers

fruits or the place with flowers

what shapes plant anatomy?

natural selection

shoot system includes?

stem, leaves, fruit

vascular system

transports sugars from leaves to roots and water and minerals up from roots to leaves

nodes

where leaves attach to stem

internodes

the space between nodes

terminal buds

end of the stem

lateral/axiliary buds

side of the stem at each node

herbaceous plants

soft, green stems

woody plants

tough, bark-covered wood

root cells absorb

water and minerals from soil

roots depend on shoots because shoots _______, which is transported to the roots

absorb water

plants get water and nutrients from

the air and the soil

main macronutrients for plants

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

how do plants take in essential macronutrients

diffusion through leaves (stomata)

how do plants take in essential micronutrients

roots absorb minerals from soil

bacteria convert _______ and fungi convert _________ into forms plants can use

nitrogen, phosphorous

ground tissue

occupies most of the stem (where the vascular bundles are)

vascular bundles

embedded in the ground tissue

dermal tissue

covers the stem

parenchyma

ground tissue; makes up nonwoody tissues, carries out photosynthesis, respiration, gas exchange, storage

collenchyma

ground tissue; elastic support for growing stems and leaves

sclerenchyma

ground tissue; inelastic support for nongrowing plant parts

xylem

vascular tissue; moves water and minerals from roots to rest of plant

phloem

vascular tissue; moves sugar and other organic compounds from leaves to rest of plant

tracheid

xylem; conduct water and minerals through pits

vessel element

xylem; conduct water and minerals through pits and perforated end walls

sieve tube element

phloem; conduct dissolved sugars and organic compounds

companion cells

phloem; transfer materials in and out of sieve tube elements

epidermis

a layer of parenchyma cells that covers the plant

stomata

pores for gas exchange

guard cells

planted around each stoma to control its opening and closing

monocot stems

vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem

eudicot stems

vascular bundles arranged in ring near the epidermis

monocot veins

straight lines

eudicot veins

netted lines

mesophyll

ground tissue inside LEAVES

monocot roots

fibrous root system, widespread network

eudicot roots

taproot system, one thick root

monocot root tissue

ring of vascular tissues surrounding a central core of pith

eudicot root tissue

solid central core of xylem

meristems

where plant growth occurs

primary growth

apical meristems

secondary growth

lateral meristems

cork cambium

lateral meristem that produces parenchyma and cork tissues

cork cells

provide insulation and waterproofing

cohesion-tension

tendency for water molecules to stick together (for xylem)

transpiration

evaporation from leaves

source cells

producers

sink cells

anything other than producers

parasitic plants

tap into other plants vascular tissue

epithelial cell

tightly packed cells that coat bodies external and internal surfaces (skin, mucus, digestive lining) can come as either simple or multiple layered of flatten, cube, or columnar cells

glands

secretory organs that are formed by epithilial tissues

basement membrane

connects epithelial tissue to underlying connective or muscle tissue

simple epithelial

one layer of cells

stratified epithelial

multiple layers of cells (skin)

squamous cells

flattened epithelial cells that allow substances to pass via osmosis and diffusion

cuboidal cells

cube shaped epithelial cells that secret and absorb susbtances

columnar cells

column shaped epithelial cells that secret and absorb substances

connective tissues

fills spaces in body and provides structural support and protects organs; scattered through extracurricular matrix

loose connective tissue

holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissues to other tissues (found under skin and between organs)

dense connective tissue

connects muscle to bone and bone to bone (ligaments, tendons)

adipose tissue

stores fat and energy for insulation (beneath skin between muscles around heart and around joints)

blood connective tissue

used for transporting gases hormones wastes and nutrients and is made of red and white blood cells

cartilage connective tissue

supports the body with flexible support

bone connective tissue

provides support in the skeleton

muscle cells

can contract thanks to actin and myosin and have lots of mitochondria to generate ATP

muscle tissue

striped or striated view and attaches to soft tissue and bone

skeletal muscle

elongated cells with many nuclei attached to skeleton

cardiac muscle tissue

provides a heartbeat and contracts heart chambers

smooth muscle tissue

spindle shaped muscle cells to produce involuntary movements in digestive tract and arteries

nervous tissue

transmits information

neurons

form communication networks

neuroglia

supports neurons

nervous and endocrine system

coordinate communication

nervous system

rapid communication between cells

endocrine system

secretes hormones for chemical communication

skeletal and muscular systems

support and move the body

skeletal system

bones ligaments and tendons, provides framework for muscle movement and protects organs

muscular system

supports posture and enables body movement

digestive system circulatory system and respiratory system

produce energy

digestive system

breaks down nutrients into chemical components

circulatory system

vessels carry blood with nutrients through the body to deliver oxygen and remove waste

respiratory system

delivers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide

urinary system, intergumentary system and immune/lymphatic systems

protect our body

urinary system

excretes wastes and maintains composition of body fluids

intergumentary system

protects the body, conserves water and controls temperature

immune/lymphatic systems

protects the body from infection injury and cancer

reproductive system

relies on hormones to produce the next generation, needs help from all the other systems to work

sensor

detects changes in the environment and responds; maintains homeostasis

effector

carries out a response after sensor; maintains homeostasis

control centers

structures that receive input from a sensor and send signals to effectors; mainly in hypothalamus

hypothalamus

part of the brain that maintains homeostasis

thermoregulation

control of body temperature

ectothermic

relies on external conditions to control body temperature (cold blooded)

endothermic

relies on internal conditions to control body temperature (warm blooded)

where are hormones secreted from

endocrine system

endocrine gland

cells that produce and secret hormones into the bloodstream

which tissues make up the endocrine system

epithelial (glands), nervous and connective (blood)