Cellular Biology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for Cellular Biology exam review.

Anabolic Reaction

A synthesis reaction where monomers are joined together or glucose is linked to make glycogen. Involves the removal of a water molecule to bond molecules.

DNA: Adenine and Thymine

If 24% of a DNA helix is adenine, then 24% would be thymine.

Vitamin D

Synthesized from cholesterol and is fat soluble.

Plasma Membrane

Hydrophilic ends face water, hydrophobic ends face inwards, proteins are embedded, and it follows the fluid mosaic model.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Main functions include the production of membrane and proteins to be secreted by the cell.

Lysosomes

Breaks down/digests unwanted materials from cells.

Microtubules

Made of tubulin subunits, help the chromosomes to separate.

Mitochondria

Creates chemical energy for the cell.

Nucleolus

Region where ribosomal components are made.

Nucleus

Contains cellular genetic information.

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of three to twenty slightly curved saccules involved in packaging and secretion.

ATP Molecule

Contains three high energy phosphate groups.

Diffusion

Does not require the cell to expend ATP; it is a type of passive transport.

Osmosis

Defined as the diffusion of water.

Facilitated Diffusion

Solutes are moved down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.

Active Transport

Uses ATP, can move solutes up a concentration gradient, and requires the cell to expend energy.

Phagocytosis

Act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium.

Active Transport Evidence

The breakdown of ATP is needed for transport to occur, proving a substance enters a cell by active transport.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Large molecules such as LDL gather in small coated pits on the cell membrane before being brought into the cell in bulk.

Products (Biology)

In a reaction, the products are the resulting substances, for example, Glucose and Galactose from Lactose.

Facilitated Diffusion

Requires transport proteins and moves a substance down its concentration gradient.

Coenzymes

Molecules that facilitate chemical transformations for some enzymes.

Catalyst

A substance that converts sucrose into fructose and glucose without being changed itself.

Enzymes

Function as catalysts, have active sites specific to substrates, lower activation energy, and utilize cofactors.

Metabolism

The sum of all the chemical reactions a cell carries out.

Proteins Synthesized for Immediate Use

Normally produced on free-floating ribosomes.

Gap Junction

The type of cellular junction that forms a communication between animal cells

Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

Highly folded and contains ATP synthase, biochemically different compared to the nucleus

Muscle Cells

Expected to have more glycogen and mitochondria than most other cells.

Plasma Cell

Type of intracellular structure would you expect to be very prominent within the cell is rough endoplasmic reticulum

Exocytosis

Bulk movement of material out of the cell.

Water Movement Across Plasma Membrane

Water moves through protein-lined channels in the plasma membrane.

Active Transport vs Facilitated Diffusion

Both processes require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

Endocytosis

Used to bring peptides and small proteins into the cell because they are too large to be transported using transport proteins or moving through pores

Water movement in a Selectively Permeable Membrane

The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the bag to increase in volume.

Endocytosis

Peptides and small proteins are generally too large to be transported into cells using transport proteins or moving through pores. The macromolecules are brought into the cell using

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass through the plasma membrane of a cell because they are both lipid soluble.

Isotonic Solution

There will be no change in the cells because the isotonic environment is in equilibrium with the cells.

Cholesterol in Cell Membrane

Helping to maintain fluidity and stability of the membrane.

S phase

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

Transcription

The process by which the DNA code is converted from a single gene into a complementary single strand of mRNA

Adenine

Which of the following bases would a nucleotide contain if it were paired to a nucleotide containing thymine?

Cell Division Functions

To make more organisms in single-celled organisms, to keep cell size small as multicellular organisms grow, to make more cells in a multicellular organism

Sister Chromatids

A duplicated chromosome consists of two ____

Cell Cycle Outcome

Two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

Microtubule Spindle

Which cell structure physically moves the cell's chromosomes?

Mitotic Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate.

Meiosis

Meiosis results in human males result in Four haploid daughter cells

Crossing Over

To create chromosomes that are a new combination of paternal and maternal genetic information

Meiosis

A cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes meiosis in a female, how many cells will result, and how many chromosomes will they contain? Four cells, each with 23 chromosomes

End of Meiosis I

The cells contain the haploid number of chromosomes

Impact of No Crossing Over

There would be less genetic variation in subsequent generations

Meiosis Chromosome Number

If a cell with a diploid number of 24 undergoes meiosis, the daughter cell count is 12

Non-disjunction

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate at anaphase

Human Male Gamete

A gamete from a human male contains 23 autosomes and either an X or a Y chromosome

Anabolic Reaction

Monomers are joined together and a molecule of water is removed.

Plasma Membrane Function

Hydrophilic substances face towards water and hydrophobic face inward.

Active Transport

Requires ATP to move across membrane

Catalysts

Speeds up processes without being changed themselves

Cell Energy

Muscle cells expected to have more mitochondia

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Antibodies needed

Chromosome change

Meiosis in females chromosomes are cut in half; from 46 to 23 and results in 4 cells.

End of First Meiosis

Cell will become haploid

Non-disjunction

Failure to separate