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resorption
the process in which parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclasts to collapse bone tissue.
Blood calcium increases, bone density decreases.
deposition
The process in which the calcitonin hormone stimulates the osteoblast to diffuse calcium from the bloodstream to build bone tissue.
Increases bone density, decreases blood calcium
hypocalcemia
low blood calcium levels
hypercalcemia
high blood calcium levels
endochondral ossification
The process in which bone develops from pre-existing cartilage
creates long & short bones
intramembranous ossification
soft connective tissue gets replaced with hard bony tissue
creates flat & irregular bones
osteoporosis
definition: the condition in which bone building does not keep up with bone removal, resulting in weak and brittle bones
symptoms: pathological fracture (bone breaks bcuz it is weakened by disease), easily fractures from trauma, immobility, spinal deformity
treatment: calcium-rich diet, vitamin D supplements, hormone blockers (to stop PTH)
compact bone
feature: dense, without spaces visible, and made of osteons
locations: the outer layer of all bones
functions: provides support and protection
spongy bone
feature: honeycomb-like appearance, lighter in weight (compared to compact bone), and made of trabeculae
locations: inner layer of all bones
functions: provide structure and support without too much-added weight
long bone
description: long, compact bone that covers the marrow cavity (with bone marrow)
function: for movement (acts as levers which are moved by muscles)
examples: arms, legs
flat bone
description: thin, flat bones (usually curved)
function: to protect internal organs
examples: ribs, hips, sternum
short bone
description: cube-shaped bones with equal dimensions made mostly of spongy bone
function: provide support and stability when body is not in movement
examples: wrist, ankle
irregular bone
description: mainly spongy bone covered with thin compact bone
function: protect nervous tissue, anchor points for skeletal muscle attachments or tongue, support
examples: vertebrae, some skull bones
osteocytes
cells inside mature bone tissue that form bones
osteoclasts
cells that collapses bone
osteoblasts
cells that form new bone
periosteum
definition: the outer covering of bones (except the ligament part)
function: helps bone growth by supplying it with what it needs to heal and grow
red marrow
forms blood cells
yellow marrow
forms cartilage and fat; energy storage
bone remodeling
adjustments in bone shape and density to adapt to stress
diaphysis
middle portion of the bone; holds bone marrow
epiphysis
end portions of the bone; responsible for bone growth
axial skeleton
foundational structure
Skull
Spine
appendicular skeleton
limbs & what attaches limbs to axial
legs
arms
pelvis
osteons
makes up compact bone
trabeculae
makes up spongy bone
ossification
the formation of bone
the two types are:
endochondral
intramembranous