unit 5 vocab

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Manifest Destiny

grounded in the belief that a democratic, agrarian republic was the key to saving the world. Focused on expansion.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

allowed for peace between the U.S. and Mexico after an invasion of Mexico in 1846.

Liberty Party

a party that believed in bringing the end of slavery through political and legal means.

Wilmot Proviso

a proposal stating that an appropriations bill should be amended to forbid voters and lawmakers who wanted to preserve Mexico for white settlers and protect them from having to compete with enslaved labor.

Free Soil Party

northerners who opposed slavery organized this party, whose goal was to prevent the extension of slavery, and advocate for free homesteads (public land grants to small farmers), and internal improvements.

Fugitive Slave Act

passed as a result of the Compromise of 1850, and helped owners track down runaway enslaved people who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their southern owners.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

a very influential book about the conflict between an enslaved man and the brutal white slave owner. Created a viewpoint that all slave owners were cruel and inhuman.

Bleeding Kansas

the Kansas territory in which anti-slavery and pro-slavery Americans fought for their beliefs.

Dred Scott decision

he had no right to sue in a federal court because the Framers of the Constitution did not intend African Americans to be U.S. citizens. Congress did not have the power to deprive any person of property without due process of the law.

Harper’s Ferry

a failed, short-lived raid led by John Brown happened here. He thought he would be able to arm enslaved peoples with arms from this location.

Crittenden’s Compromise

a series of proposed constitutional amendments guaranteeing slavery in the southern states and territories, denying the federal government interstate slave trade regulatory power, and offering to composenate enslavers whose slaves escaped. This was not passed.

Fort Sumter

a sea fort in South Carolina. One of two federal forts in states that had seceded, and the attack and eventual capture of Fort Sumter rallied Northern support for preserving the Union.

Anaconda Plan

a plan to suppress the rebellion, which attempted to strangle the confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways via a naval blockade.

Copperheads

aka peace democrats, were sympathetic to the Confederacy and wanted Lincoln to negotiate an immediate peace. If done so, the Union would have to recognize the Confederacy as a separate establishment and continue with slavery.

Confiscation Acts

the first one was passed as the power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the United States. The second one freed enslaved people who were enslaved by people engaged in the rebellion against the United States. The act also allowed the president to use freed slaves in the Union Army.

Emancipation Proclamation

this freed enslaved people in areas under Confederate control. Border states and parts of other states in the confederacy.

Enrollment Act

the first effort at a draft to the war for the northerns.

New York City Draft Riots

a riot in which white rioters killed around 100 people and did mass property damage.

Battle of Bull Run

the first major battle of the war, where federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to VA. Confederate forces triumphed against the union forces.

Battle of Antietam

the first major battle of the civil war to occur on Union soil. Over 20,000 soldiers were harmed. The confederates withdrew from the war, and resulted in the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation.

Battle of Gettysburg

confederate forces went to the Union states. This was the most crucial, and bloodiest battle. This destroyed a key part of the confederate army, and those who remained retreated to Virginia, and were never on the offensive again.

(Battle of) Vicksburg

the fall of this place led to a division of the confederacy; the Union controlled a majority of the Mississippi river, and confederates attempted to attack the Union and surrendered the city in defeat. Federal warships now controlled the full length of the Mississippi river, Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest of the confederacy.

Overland Campaign

created by the General-in-Chief of the Union army; a battle plan consisting of the Battle of the Wilderness, the Battle of Cold Harbor, and the Siege of Petersburg.

March to the Sea

conducted by Sherman, the capture of Savannah for Lincoln. He burned various parts of the Confederacy, and consequently led to the end of the major Confederate military operation.

Appomattox Court House

where Lee surrendered to Grant in 1865, ending major confederate operations.

Thirteenth Amendment

legally abolished slavery “except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”

Fourteenth Amendment

declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens; obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with “equal protection of the laws” and “due process of law”

Fifteenth Amendment

prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen’s right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Radical Republicans

believed in civil rights for Black americans. Many endorsed women’s suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for Northern African Americans.

Black Codes

laws regulating Black behavior and imposing social and economic control over black people. Allowed Black people to marry, own property, and make contracts, but these rights were triumphed by severe negation of fundamental rights.

Scalawags

a derisive term used to describe white republicans in the South.

Carpetbaggers

northerners who traveled to the South during the Reconstruction era.

Enforcement Acts

these made it criminal to deprive African Americans of their civil rights, and deemed KKK behavior as a rebellion against the United States.

Sharecropping

a system where farmers would break up large farms into smaller plots tended by single families in exchange for a portion of the crop.

Redeemers

a southern term for ‘New Departure Democrats,’ people who focused on business, economics, political corruption, and trade.

Compromise of 1877

where Democrats ceded the presidency to Hayes on the condition that all remaining troops would be removed from the South and the South would receive special economic favors.