Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, excluding migration.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population at a constant natural increase rate.

Rule of 70

A method to estimate the doubling time by dividing 70 by the natural increase rate.

Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Characterized by very high birth and death rates, resulting in low growth.

Stage 2 of DTM

Features high birth rates and rapidly declining death rates, leading to a population explosion.

Stage 3 of DTM

Marked by rapidly declining birth rates and moderately declining death rates, resulting in moderate growth.

Stage 4 of DTM

Characterized by low birth and death rates, resulting in zero or low natural increase.

Stage 5 of DTM

Theoretical stage with very low birth rates dropping below death rates, resulting in negative natural increase.

Malthusian Theory

Theory predicting that population growth will outpace food supply, leading to catastrophe.

Positive Checks

Events that increase death rates such as war, famine, and disease according to Malthus.

Preventive Checks

Actions that reduce birth rates, including moral restraint and delaying marriage.

Neo-Malthusians

Supporters of Malthus who argue that population growth in LDCs threatens resources beyond food.

Boserup's Critique

Ester Boserup's argument that innovation reacts to population pressure, increasing food production capacity.

Push Factors

Reasons that compel individuals to leave their current location.

Pull Factors

Reasons that attract individuals to new locations.

Economic Push Factor

High unemployment or poverty that drives migration.

Cultural Push Factor

Persecution or political instability that forces migration.

Environmental Push Factor

Natural disasters or deteriorating environmental conditions driving migration.

Voluntary Migration

Migration chosen for economic or lifestyle reasons.

Forced Migration

Migration compelled by cultural or political pressures.

Refugee

A person forced to migrate to escape armed conflict, violence, or human rights violations.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

A person forced to migrate but has not crossed an international border.

Asylum Seeker

A migrant seeking recognition as a refugee in another country.

Brain Drain

The emigration of highly educated and skilled workers from a country.

Remittances

Money sent back to a home country by migrants, often significant for local economies.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural elements from one society to another, often due to migration.

Xenophobia

An irrational fear or dislike of people from other countries, often exacerbated by rapid migration.