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13 Colonies

English colonies in North America established between 1607 and 1733 under English charters, including corporate, royal, and proprietary colonies, with representative governments and a desire for independence.

Jamestown

The first permanent English colony founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, facing early problems like disease, starvation, and conflicts with Native Americans.

Plymouth Colony

Founded by separatists known as Pilgrims in 1620, faced early hardships, established friendly relations with Native Americans, and played a significant role in the first Thanksgiving.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by Puritans in 1630, aimed at reforming the Church of England, led by John Winthrop, and experienced the Great Migration in the 1630s.

House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in Virginia established in 1619, granting colonists similar rights to those in England and marking an early form of self-government.

Indentured Servants

Workers who signed contracts to work for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies, room, and board, but lacked many rights and faced harsh conditions.

Bacon's Rebellion

Led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 against Governor Berkeley's government in Virginia, highlighting class differences and resistance to royal control, with long-lasting effects on colonial society.

Rhode Island

Founded by Roger Williams in 1636, known for religious freedom, payment to Native Americans for land use, and tolerance towards various religious groups.

New England Confederation

Military alliance formed in 1643 by Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies to defend against Native American attacks and other threats.

Pennsylvania

Founded by Quakers led by William Penn in 1682, known for religious tolerance, representative government, and the "holy experiment" promoting liberal ideas and freedom of worship.

James Oglethorpe

First governor of Georgia with elaborate plans for the colony's prosperity, initially prohibiting slavery and rum consumption.

Royal Colony

Georgia transitioned to a royal colony under British control, allowing slavery and rum after Oglethorpe's group abandoned their original plan in 1752.

Mercantilism

Economic system where trade, colonies, and wealth are crucial for military and political strength, leading to government regulation of trade and production.

Acts of Trade and Navigation

English laws (1650-1673) governing colonial trade, including restrictions on ships, goods passing through England, and exports to England.

Dominion of New England

Created by James II to increase royal control over colonies, ended after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, but mercantilist policies persisted.

Slavery

Became more significant than mercantilism in the early 18th century, with Virginia and South Carolina having large enslaved populations and laws ensuring bondage and inheritance of slave status.

Triangular Trade

Trade route involving New England rum, captive Africans, and West Indies sugar, with merchants profiting significantly from the slave trade.