A&P (Sr.) Final

DIAGRAM The large intestine is indicated by ___

Label J, Label L, Label K, Label M

Label J

DIAGRAM The salivary glands are indicated by ___

Label J, Label M, Label N, Label O

Label O

DIAGRAM The small intestine is indicated by ___

Label H, Label J, Label F, Label D

Label F

DIAGRAM The liver is indicated by ___

Label F, Label G, Label E, Label D

Label D

DIAGRAM The esophagus is indicated by ___

Label A, Label E, Label C, Label D

Label C

DIAGRAM The appendix is indicated by ___

Label I, Label F, Label H, Label G

Label H

DIAGRAM The pancreas is indicated by ___

Label L, Label E, Label G, Label M

Label L

DIAGRAM The gallbladder is indicated by ___

Label F, Label E, Label C, Label D

Label E

What does salivary amylase digest?

protein, carbohydrate, fat, or vitamins

Carbohydrate

Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal?

• mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine (A)

• mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (B)

• pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine (C)

• mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (D)

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (D)

A stabbing victim sustained a perforation to his large intestine. From the outermost layer to the innermost layer what is the order in which the knife penetrated his intestine?

A. serosa, muscularis submucosa, mucosa

B. serosa,submucosa, muscularis mucosa

C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis serosa

D. submuscosa, muscularis, serosa, mucosa

A. serosa, muscularis submucosa, mucosa

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?

A. cecum, colon, rectum

B. duodenum, jejunum, ileum

C. cardiac, body pylorus

D. ileum, cecum, rectum

B. duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Which one of the following alimentary segments has NO digestive function?

A. stomach

B. mouth

C. esophagus

D. duodenum

C. esophagus

Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stomach for the conversion of pepsinogen to _____

A. acid

B. rennin

C. pepsin

D. gastrin

C. pepsin

Bile is formed by the ____ and stored in the ____

A. spleen; liver

B. liver; gallbladder

C. gallbladder; liver

D. pancreas; gallbladder

B. liver; gallbladder

How does the structure of the alimentary canal different in the stomach from the esophagus?

A. the esophagus has villi and microvilli

B. the stomach has an additional layer of muscle

C. the esophagus only has 3 layers

D. the stomach has a submucosa layer

B. the stomach has an additional layer of muscle

What is one of the main functions of the small intestine?

A. absorption of nutrients

B. absorption of water

C. waste secretion

D. vitamin conversion

A. absorption of nutrients

Where is the vomiting center located?

A. medullary cavity

B. medulla oblongata

C. spinal cord

D. frontal cortex

B. medulla oblongata

Where does protein digestion begin?

pancreas, mouth, large intestine, or stomach

stomach

The small intestine extends from the ___

A. cardioesophgeal sphincter to the pyloric sphincter

B. pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

C. ileocecal valve to the appendix

D. gastroesophageal sphincter to ileocecal valve

B. pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

What organs release secretions into the small intestine?

A. pancreas, gallbladder and spleen

B. appendix and Peyer’s patches

C. liver, gallbladder and pancreas

D. cecum and appendix

C. liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Why does the small intestine have villi, microvilli, and circular folds?

A. to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

B. to increase surface area of water absorptions

C. to increase the number of places to secrete intestinal juice with enzymes

D. to produce bile to digest high fat meals

A. to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Which organ is responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces?

stomach, large intestine, small intestine, or pancreas

large intestine

Where does starch (CHO) digestion begin?

mouth, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine

mouth

We do NOT have the enzymes to digest ___

cellulose, sucrose, lactose, maltose

cellulose

TRUE or FALSE: The pancreas makes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach.

TRUE

During vomiting, the ____ raises up to close off the nasal cavity.

soft palate, epiglottis, hard palate, or esophagus

soft palate

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the digestion of proteins?

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, or amylase

amylase

Bacteria in the large intestine serve what purpose?

synthesize vitamins, absorb water, make enzymes, or destroy red blood cells

synthesize vitamins

Where do bile and pancreatic juice enter the alimentary canal?

stomach, duodenum, cecum, ilium

duodenum

Enzyme-rich pancreatic juice contains all the following EXCEPT _____

amylase, trypsin, pepsin, or lipase

pepsin

Which of the following is a function of saliva?

A. dissolve chemicals so they can be tasted

B. start the breakdown of carbohydrate

C. moisten and bind food together

D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a function/activity of the large intestine?

A. digestive enzyme production

B. water absorption

C. vitamin synthesis by bacteria

D. gas production by bacteria

A. digestive enzyme production

Which of the following is a good source of carbohydrates?

A. meats

B. fruits and vegetables

C. nuts, seeds and vegetable oil

D. eggs

B. fruits and vegetables

Which of the following is a good source of vitamins?

A. fruits and veggies

B. milk and meat products

C. egg yolk

D. nuts

A. fruits and veggies

DIAGRAM The nephron loop, or loop of Henle, is indicated by ___

Label I, Label J, Label K, Label M

Label J

DIAGRAM The peritubular capillaries are indicated by ___

Label N, Label M, Label O, Label L

Label N

DIAGRAM The glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) is indicated by ___

Label A, Label F, Label G, Label I

Label A

DIAGRAM The proximal convoluted tubule is indicated by ___

Label M, Label N, Label O, Label I

Label M

DIAGRAM The efferent arteriole is indicated by ___

Label K, Label B, Label C, Label D

Label D

DIAGRAM The glomerulus is indicated by ___

Label F, Label I, Label K, Label O

Label O

What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine?

glomerulus, nephron, renal pyramid, or renal pelvis

nephron

Filtrate formed during glomerular filtration is captured by the ____

renal pyramid, renal hilum, glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, or renal column

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

The process that removes ions such as potassium and hydrogen from the blood and places them into the nephron for removal from the body as urine is known as _____

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, osmosis

glomerular filtration

Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma EXCEPT for ____

water, blood proteins, ions, or electrolytes

blood proteins

Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine?

blood proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells, or creatinine

creatinine

What tube connects each kidney to the urinary bladder?

urethra, collecting duct, ureter, or renal tubule

ureter

The urinary bladder is able to expand as urine accumulates within it due to the presence of a specialized mucosa called ______

simple squamous epithelium, transitional epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, or pseudostratified epithelium

transtional epithelium

As the bladder fills with urine, what is responsible for transmitting impulses to the spinal cord?

stretch receptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, or nephrons

stretch receptors

Micturition can be delayed because…

A. osmoreceptors delay transmission

B. the external sphincter is made of smooth muscle

C. the hypothalamus delays transmission

D. the external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle

D. the external sphincter is made of skeletal muscle

What is the name of the involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed?

external urethral sphincter, internal anal sphincter, internal urethral sphincter, or ileocecal sphincter

internal urethral sphincter

In males, the urethra is part of both the urinary system and ____

endocrine system, digestive system, Reproductive system, or respiratory system

reproductive system

What are the highly sensitive cells within the hypothalamus that react to changes in blood composition and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) when appropriate?

thermoreceptors, baroreceptors, mechanoreceptors, or osmoreceptors

osmoreceptors

Which of the following is the driving force for water intake?

metabolism, the thirst mechanism, the renin-angtiotensin mechanism, or glomerular filtration

the thirst mechanism

What is the most common route for water loss?

water loss through the lungs, feces, urine, or sweat

urine

The hormones that act on the kidneys to regulate water and ion concentrations in urine are

A. antidiuretic hormone and renin

B. aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

C. ephinephrine and norephinephrine

D. secretin and aldosterone

aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

Match the description with a process:

Water and solutes pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule

A. tubular reabsorption

B. glomerular filtration

C. tubular secretion

B. glomerular filtration

Match the description with a process:

Water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are moved from the filtrate back into the blood

A. tubular reabsorption

B. glomerular filtration

C. tubular secretion

A. tubular reabsorption

Match the description with a process:

Substances such as potassium, urea, and creatinine are moved from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate to be eliminated in urine

A. tubular reabsorption

B. glomerular filtration

C. tubular secretion

C. tubular secretion

Match the description with a process:

As long as blood pressure is normal, filtrate will be formed

A. tubular reabsorption

B. glomerular filtration

C. tubular secretion

B. glomerular filtration

Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?

erythrocyte, eosinophil, platelet, or basophil

erythrocyte

What is necessary for the transport of oxygen by an erythrocyte?

albumin, hemoglobin, granules, or mitochondria

hemoglobin

Erythrocytes __________

A. possess nuclei and cytoplasm is granules

B. lack a nucleus and most organelles

C. are the least common of all formed elements

D. travel through the walls of vessels

B. lack a nucleus and most organelles

Blood is composed of which of the following:

I. Formed elements

II. Hematopoiesis

III. Fluid matrix (plasma)

IV. Marrow

I and III (formed elements and fluid matrix)

White blood cells different from red blood cells because they contain _____

A. biconcave shape

B. a nucleus and most organelles

C. the ability to transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide

D. the iron-containing molecule called hemoglobin

B. a nucleus and most organelles

Monocytes

A. kill parasitic worms

B. contain heparin

C. fight chronic infection

D. are activated when you have a cold

C. fight chronic infection

Which type of leukocyte releases heparin at sites of inflammation?

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, or lymphocytes

basophils

Which type of leukocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes?

monocytes, lymphocyte, basophil, or eosinophil

eosinophil

The process by which bleeding is stopped is called ______

Hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, homeostasis, or hemostasis

hemostasis

What hormone controls the rate of erythrocyte production?

erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony stimulating factors, or interleukins

erythropietin

When antibodies bind to antigens on foreign blood types, clumping or ____ occurs.

anemia, hematopoiesis, agglutination, or alkalosis

agglutination

The ABO blood typing is based on the presence of absence of ______

A. A, B, and O antigens on the rbc

B. A, B and O antigens in the plasma

C. A and B antigens on the rbc

D. A and B antigens in the plasma

C. A and B antigens on the rbc

Where does hematopoiesis occur to produce new red blood cells?

yellow bone marrow, articular cartilage, red bone marrow, or epiphyseal line

red bone marrow

Molly has blood type A and her daughter has blood type B. Why can’t Molly donate blood to her daughter?

A. The antigens on the mother’s rbc will attack the antigens on Molly’s rbc

B. Blood type B contains anti-A antibodies, which will agglutinate with Molly’s type A blood.

C. Blood transfusions cannot be performed among relatives.

D. Only fathers can donate blood to their daughters.

B. Blood type B contains anti-A antibodies, which will agglutinate with Molly’s type A blood.

Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis?

A. platelet plug formation, coagulation, vascular spasm

B. vascular spasm, coagulation, platelet plug formation

C. coagulation, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation

D. vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

D. vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

What is the muscular layer of the heart wall?

epicardium, myocardium, fibrous pericardium, or endocardium

myocardium

The heart is located in the ____

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, cardiac cavity, or mitral cavity

thoracic cavity

The two superior reciving chambers of the heart are known as the ____, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the ____.

A. ventricles; atria

B. atria; ventricles

C. arteries; veins

D. veins;arteries

atria; ventricles

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

pulmonary semilunar valve, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, or aortic semilunar valve

tricuspid valve

Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?

pulmonary arteries, superior vena cava, aorta, or pulmonary veins

pulmonary veins

An incompetent aortic semilunar valve would allow blood to backflow from the ____

A. right ventricle to the right atrium

B. left ventricle to the left atrium

C. aorta to the left ventricle

D. aorta to the left atrium

C. aorta to the left ventricle

The tricuspid valve is located between the ____

A. right atrium and left atrium

B. right atrium and right ventricle

C. left ventricle and pulmonary artery

D. left ventricle and aorta

B. right atrium and right ventricle

Which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood?

pulmonary vein, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, or pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the ____

pulmonary trunk, aorta, superior vena cava, or coronary sinus

aorta

Oxygenated blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta called ____

pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, coronary arteries, or venae cavae

coronary arteries

Which valve is closed during heart relaxation to prevent blood from back flowing from the aorta into the heart?

bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, or aortic semilunar valve

aortic semilunar valve

Which of the following is often called the pacemaker of the heart?

A. Purkinje fibers

B. sinoatrial (SA) node

C. atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)

D. atrioventricular (AV) node

B. sinoatrial (SA) node

The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in the ____

aorta, right atrium, left atrium, or right ventricle

right atrium

Which one of the following represents the correct path for transmission of an impulse in the conduction system of the heart?

A. AV node, SA node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

B. AV node, AV bundle of His, SA node, Purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches

C. SA node, AV bundle of His, AV node, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

D. SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

D. SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

The first heart sound “lub”, is caused by the closure of the ___ valves.

semilunar, pulmonary, atrioventricular (AV), or aortic

atrioventricular (AV)

What large blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

arteries, capillaries, veins, or venae cavae

arteries

Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue due to he oxygenation of the blood being transported by each type of vessel. The exceptions to this rule are the ___ arteries and veins.

systemic, hepatic, coronary, or pulmonary

pulmonary

Large veins have ____ to prevent the backflow of blood.

tunics, sphincters, valves, or shunts

valves

What is the largest artery in the body?

barchiocephalic artery, pulmonary trunk, aorta, or common carotid artery

aorta

Veins draining the head and arms empty into the ____, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, common iliac vein, or great saphenous vein

superior vena cava

What are the two main subdivisions of the nervous system?
A. central and peripheral

B. somatic and autonomic

C. sensory and motor

D. autonomic and sympathetic

A. central and peripheral

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

satellite cells, Ependymal cells, Schwann cells, or microglial cells

Schwann cells

Which neuroglial cell circulates CSF?

oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, or ependymal cells

ependymal cells

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ___

dendrite, cell body, synaptic cleft, or axon

axon

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ____

synaptic clefts, axon terminals, nodes of Ranvier, or myelin sheaths

node of Ranvier