Exam 3- Abnormal Psychology Study guide

What is Anorexia nervosa?

**The individual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in body weight that is very low and below that of other people of similar age and gender**

**(fearful of gaining weight, or repeatedly seeking to prevent weight gain despite low body weight) (distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in judgments of herself or himself, or fails to appreciate the serious implications of her or his low weight) (Most patients recover, but as many as 6 percent do not)**

What are the two types of Anorexia nervosa?

***Restricting type-***

**(Lose weight by cutting out sweets and fattening snacks, eventually eliminating nearly all food)**

***Binge-eating/purging type***

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**(Lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or by abusing laxatives or diuretics, which can include bingeing before purging)**

What is Bulimia?

 **an eating disorder characterized by regular, often secretive bouts of overeating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging, strict dieting, or extreme exercise, associated with persistent and excessive concern with body weight.**

\- Episodes of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food

(Usually preceded by great tension, which is relieved by eating followed by extreme self-blame, shame, guilt, depression, and weight gain fear)

What is Binge Eating Disorder?

***Binge-eating disorder is a serious eating disorder in which you frequently consume unusually large amounts of food and feel unable to stop eating.***

*Recurrent binge eating episodes that include at least three of these features:*

***Unusually fast eating, Absence of hunger, Uncomfortable fullness, Secret eating due to a sense of shame, Subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt.***

*Binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of* ***3 months***

Provide an example of a cognitive symptom of an eating disorder.  

**“I’m ugly, I’m horrible, I look fat” Cognitive distortions etc. emotional distress** 

What types of food are typically eaten in a binge and why?

**usually sweet, high-calorie foods with a soft texture, because it easily goes down**

Provide an example of behavioral symptoms of eating disorders.

**Restricting eating, binge eating, behaviors, and actions**

Aside from the relationship to food consumption, what are other differences between those with anorexia and those with bulimia?

**Where the Body weight is-** 

**underweight- anorexia** 

 **average weight/ overweight- bulimia,**

Which medical symptom is more common in anorexia?

**Amenorrhea-The absence of monthly menstrual periods.**

What emotional pattern is associated with bulimia?

**Feelings of tension and then bingeing and then the shame that comes after bingeing**

Which eating disorder is most associated with obesity?

**Binge-Eating Disorder**

Which medical symptom is more associated with bulimia?

**Acid re-flux and dental problems**

What does it mean if many people with eating disorders also have depression?

**Correlational- the two correlate- one results from the other and vice versa**

Which common advertising technique has the most deleterious effect on self image in adolescent girls?

**Photoshopped weight loss, photoshopped images of women**

Why do people take increased doses of drugs over time? 

**drug tolerance- you gradually build up resistance to a drug and it has less of an effect on you so you have to take more to get the desired effect.**

Loss of muscle control, slurred speech, and slowing of CNS activity are characteristic of what classification of drug? 

**Depressants- drugs that reduce arousal and stimulation.**

What is the definition of binge drinking? 

**five or more drinks on a single occasion**

In what way are delirium tremens different from other withdrawal reactions? 

**It involves startling hallucinations, and seizures**

What is scarring of the liver caused by alcohol consumption?

**cirrhosis of the liver**

How is methadone different from other opiates?

**It is synthetic, cannot build tolerance**

When during a person’s addiction is heroin overdose most likely?

**When they have stopped taking it for some time, and try to take their old dose**

Someone sitting quietly observing blades of grass that seem to vibrate with rainbow colors most likely took what kind of drug?

**LSD-General strengthening of perceptions, particularly visual perceptions, along with psychological changes and physical symptoms**

What is cocaine’s primary mechanism of action? 

**It causes your brain to dump all of your dopamine, and then there is no more left**

Why is cannabis now a more dangerous drug than it was in the 60’s?

New **stronger strains of Cannabis**

The experience of tasting colors or seeing music is called what?

Synesthesia- **A crossing over of sensory perceptions caused by LSD and other hallucinogenic drugs. For example, a loud sound may be seen or a color may be felt.**

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What type of drug is **least** likely to cause drowsiness?

**Stimulants like amphetamines, they are substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system**

Compared with other categories of drugs, how likely are tolerance and dependence to hallucinogens?

**Not likely at all**

A man experiencing distress over his lack of interest in sexual activity would most likely be diagnosed with what?

**hypoactive sexual desire disorder.**

What is the significance of a lack of penile erection during sleep? 

**Nocturnal penile presence- the primary diagnostic indicator that an erectile problem is biological in origin**

What is the clinical opinion on women who can have orgasms, but not from penetrative sex?

**It is 100% normal**

What is dyspareunia?

**Severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse caused by clenching the muscles of the pelvic floor**

What is a paraphilia?

Characterized by intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving objects or situations outside the usual sexual norms

Whose research led to a revolution in the treatment of sexual dysfunction? 

Masters & Johnson

What is the effectiveness of Viagra, and what is a problem with its use? 

**Given to patients without much formal evaluation of their problems. 60-80% effective**

What social phenomenon is illustrated by the fact that Viagra is generally covered by insurance, but not birth control pills? 

**Sexism**

What is the clinical opinion of someone who steals women’s underwear to use for masturbatory purposes? 

**Fetishistic disorder- Recurrent intense sexual urges or fantasies involving use of a nonliving object or nongenital body part**

What is the primary motivation for an exhibitionist? 

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**Exhibitionistic disorder- Characterized by arousal from the exposure of genitals in a public setting** 

* Motivated to cause shock and take power from person being exposed to

Why aren’t strip club patrons considered voyeurs? 

**The strippers are not unsuspecting people, nor is it a secret**

What is arousing to a voyeur about observing people without their knowledge?

**Power, people feeling humiliation and fear, risk of discovery adds to arousal**

Describe the basic demographic and symptomatic characteristics of schizophrenia.  

**schizophrenia-Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorates as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities**

**Symptoms-**delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, trouble with thinking, and lack of motivation

**Poor people in the United States are more likely than wealthy people to experience schizophrenia.** 

**21 million worldwide; 3.6 million in the United States**

**1 of 100 experience schizophrenia during lifetime**

**Equally distributed between men and women**

**Average age at onset: 23 for men; 28 for women**

What is the primary difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder?

**Duration of symptoms-** 

**Schizophrenia- 6 months or more**

**Schizophreniform- 1 to 6 months**

What is the downward drift theory about schizophrenia?

**schizophrenia causes its sufferers to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively**

Distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

**Positive - delusions and hallucinations, intense mood, and bizarre behaviors**

**Negative - thought deficits, Loss of motivation, or directedness**

**Psychomotor symptoms-slow awkward movements, and odd gestures that have a private purpose.**

What are **Delusions of persecution?**

**persistent, troubling, false beliefs that one is about to be harmed or mistreated by others in some way.**

**What are Delusions of reference?**

**the belief that unrelated occurrences in the external world have a special significance for the person who is being diagnosed.**

What are **Delusions of grandeur?**

**Delusions of grandeur-when you believe that you have more power, wealth, smarts, or other grand traits than is true.**

What are **Delusions of control?**

**False belief that another person, group of people, or external force controls one's general thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behaviors.**

“They took him away in a van, but then everything turned purple. That’s why I have to eat carrots every day.” This illustrates what type of symptom?

**Derailment- involving rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another. Also called loose associations.**

Distinguish between hallucinations and delusions. 

**Hallucinations- Perceptions in the absence of stimuli, imagined sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli**

**Delusions- are a strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary**

What is it called when someone shows no emotion?

**The Flat Affect**

What is the stage of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and mild symptoms? 

__**The Prodromal phase-Beginning of deterioration; mild symptoms**__

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**Active phase: Symptoms become apparent**

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**Residual phase: Return to prodromal-like levels**

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What is the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia?

**People with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present**

What is believed to trigger postpartum psychosis?

 **Enormous shift in hormone levels that take place after baby delivery**

What is the primary goal of milieu therapy?

1. **promotes productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility.**

**Milieu Therapy-Institutions cannot help patients unless they create a social climate that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility. Residents live in a therapeutic community of respect, support, and openness, which resembles daily life outside the hospital**

What was an ongoing, practical problem with state mental hospitals in the mid-20th century?

**They were often overcrowded, understaffed, and underfunded**