Philosophical approach
This approach focuses on themes, view of the world, moral statements, authors philosophy
Mein Kampf means
“My Struggle”. illustrates Hitlers views and power
Propaganda
information of a biased or misleading nature to appeal to or persuade a large audience
Hitler on Propaganda
“All propaganda must be popular and its intellectual level must be adjusted to the most limited intelligence among those it is addressed to”
1984 author
George Orwell
context of 1984
Post-World War 2, Oceania
characters of 1984
Winston Smith
Julia
O’Brien
Mr. Charrington
Syme
Mr. Parsons
Unperson
someone that was “vanished”; erased from existence
Newspeak
the language of Oceania, designed to limit expression and erase words
8 themes of 1984
dangers of Totalitarianism
psychological manipulation
physical control
mutability of the past/ control of history and information
technology
Language as mind control
loyalty
independence and identity
Big Brother
Propaganda tool used to inspire sense of both fear and security
The Party
the people in control of Oceania; seeks total power
the Brotherhood
secret resistance organization; adversary of the Party
Goldstein
face of the Brotherhood, revealed to possibly be fictional and used for Party propaganda
Winston Smith
Main protagonist; seeks to find identity and truth, wants social rebellion
Julia
second protagonist, Winston’s lover; seeks momentary pleasure in personal rebellion
O’Brien
member of the Party, traps and tortures Winston (personified version of Big Brother)
Mr. Charrington
Prole shopkeeper; later revealed as a member of the ThoughtPolice
Syme
Intelligent Party member in charge of Newspeak dictionary; is later vanished
Mr. Parsons
thoughtless and devoted Party member; later betrayed by his children
The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism
Goldsteins book which explains the rise and power of the Party
St. Clements rhyme purpose
represents innocence of the past; also is a unifying element throughout the book and foreshadows Winstons failure
The Red Armed Prole Woman
symbolizes the freedoms and vitality of the Proles; embodies Winstons idea of “hope lies with the Proles”
The Proles
Non-party members that considered to be like animals; unintelligent, hard labor working class, physically more free
purpose of Winston’s reintegration
displays the complete control of the Party over mind, body, and spirit
enemies and allies of Oceania
Eurasia and Eastasia
Waterlily characters
Grandmother (KilledbyTree)
Blue Bird (mother)
Star Elk (bio father)
Waterlily
Gloku
Old Man
Dream Woman (aunt)
Black Eagle (uncle)
First Woman (aunt)
Rainbow (step father)
Little Chief (step-brother)
Hunka meaning
“blessed child”; ceremony of adoption and holy promise to be generous
Kola meaning
“adoption”; highest degree of devotion between friends
giveaways
cultural practice to show honor and love
winter counts
buffalo hide depicting the main story of each year in the past; used by the Storyteller
Counting Coup/ Strike Coup
touching an enemy without killing them or dying; record of a warriors honor
storytelling
teaches tradition and gives spiritual guidance; recounts history through a narrative
kinship “avoidance”
when one gender of a family avoids the in-laws of the opposite gender; signs of respect
“bought” wife
a high honor; considered a desirable woman
Ghost lodge
keeping an empty residence in honor of dead loved ones spirit
Kit Fox Society
highly honorable society within the camps; responsible for security and maintaining order
Sun Dance
a period of spiritual renewal for many tribes
Waterlily’s first husband died from…
small pox
5 characteristics of Romanticism
common person or childhood
strong senses, emotions, and feelings
awe of nature
celebration of individual
imagination
5 characteristics of Naturalism
scientific detachment
determinism (life is decided for you/ no true free will)
pessimism
poverty or miserable circumstance
indifferent or hostile nature
Etymology means
the history and origin of a word i.e. Latin Roots
historical evolution of language
Pragmatic means
realistic or utilitarian
an academic essay has (5)
complex ideas
motive leads to thesis
natural tension
analysis and evidence
inductive or deductive reasoning
Plato defined knowledge as
the right or true belief for the right reason
Rhetoric is
the art of persuasion
Wisdom is
knowledge + experience
divergent thinking is
1 idea to many possibilities
convergent thinking is
many possibilities become 1 idea
Subjective truth means
emotional, personal preference
Relative truth means
in relation to ideas, experience, knowledge, opinions
5 Formalist questions
How do language and symbols make meaning?
what are the roles of character, setting, and point of view?
How are irony, paradox, imagery, and metaphor used?
How do the structure and other elements create unity of form?
Does the work have internal tensions that influence meaning?
Formalist critique does not
look at emotional impact, bias, or purpose
5 Historical critiques
What specific historical events were happening when the work was being composed?
What events does the work deal with?
what ways did history effect writers outlook
what ways did history affect style, language, content?
in what ways and for what reasons did the writer alter historical events?