T&TI Concepts 2nd Quarter

Analects,

Division of Epistemic Labor in Ancient Babylon

Dromm

The Analects

Priests and healers had two separate jobs, but they cooperated. Priests (asipu) were “exorcists” and diagnosed issues with a supernatural cause. They performed prayers and rituals. Physicians (asu) performed surgeries, administered drugs, treated wounds, and were not interested in diagnosing.

Qin Dynasty Impact on Medicinal Knowledge

Dromm

The Analects

Qin tried to burn books that were not about him. This often erased medicinal knowledge.

Qi

Dromm

The Analects

A life force or energy that flows through body channels. Qi can become blocked, depleted, or excessive. Acupuncture, moxibustion, and Qi Gong are all practices that attempt to restore Qi.

Yin and Yang

Dromm

The Analects

Represents duality. Need to be balanced. Yin represents femininity, coolness, passivity, rest, and introversion. Yang is more masculine and represents warmth, activity, and being outside.

Five Elements

Dromm

The Analects

Wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Each represents an organ. For example, the heart represents fire and consciousness, and the kidney represents water and vitality.

The Way

Dromm

The Analects

Confucius teaches us Dao, our way through life successfully.

6 Themes of Confucious

Dromm

The Analects

Happiness, revivalism, ethics, caring, ritual, education

Happiness in this world/life

Dromm

The Analects

Confucius believed that happiness is possible to attain in this life, not only in the afterlife. He argues that we should first try to understand this life. We should attempt to make this life better and everyone around us life’s better.

Revitalism

Dromm

The Analects

Dao can be found by looking at the past (Zhou Dynasty). MLK applied this same technique to the Civil Rights Movement by reminding us of true social democracy.

Normative Ethics

Dromm

The Analects

Tells us what to do. Rules and laws.

Role/duty based ethics

Dromm

The Analects

Prescribing the rules by which we should behave. The golden rule is an example.

Virtue Ethics

Dromm

The Analects

Rely on the models of good behavior. What kind of person do I want to be? The Analects follows this model.

Ren

Dromm

The Analects

Means “good” and “human” in Ancient Chinese.

Junzi

Dromm

The Analects

Means “gentleman.” Model humans exhibit virtue. The model human is benevolent, righteous, dutiful, trustworthy, caring, and courageous.

Differential Caring

Dromm

The Analects

Uprightness, covering for families, we should have more loyalty to our parents than to others. We first learn morality in the home, then extend it outwards.

Li

Dromm

The Analects

Ritual: Religious practices, social rites, honoring ancestors, funerals, etiquette, decorum

Enact the virtue of caring for others.

Definitionals

Dromm

The Analects

One side of the debate is on how rituals led to a person being good. Believed that these specific rituals are important and contribute to being a good person

Instrumentalists

Dromm

The Analects

The alternative side of the debate on how rituals lead to a person being good. Argue that it is not the specific ritual, but what the ritual is more capable of doing. This is more favored.

Social Harmony

Dromm

The Analects

How do we unify the people again? Confucius believed that we must treat people in accordance to their social role and societal organization.

Xue

Dromm

The Analects

“study,” “learning”

Included: reading books, learning rituals, chariot-driving, calligraphy, archery, and mathematics.

Mohism

Dromm

The Analects

Developed by Mozi. Supported consequentialism, was anti-ritual, opposed differential caring, and had differing views on human nature.

Consquentialism

Dromm

The Analects

Mohism

Rather than virtue ethics, it looks at consequences of actions to assess morality.

Daoism

Dromm

The Analects

Tao Te Ching

Daoism focuses on individual harmony with nature and the "Dao," or "the Way," through simplicity and spontaneity, while Confucianism focuses on social harmony through ethical conduct and fulfilling societal roles.

Wu-wei

Dromm

The Analects

“Effortless action”

Acting in a way that is in natural alignment with the flow of life, rather than forcing outcomes

Vedas

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

These are the central religious texts undergirding religious life in the Indian subcontinent. The text includes hymns to gods, prayers, creation stories, ritual texts to be chanted during sacrifices, and some philosophical discussions. There are four Vedas, the oldest of which is the Rigveda. They are very, very old, like Tanakh old. These texts are memorized.

Dharma

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

This is the central concept undergirding the whole system. Dharma means “duty”, “cosmic law”, “underlying moral reality.” To the extent that individual behavior and the general social order obey and conform to dharma, to that extent things are going well in the human world. It is self enforcing through karma

Caste

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

This is one social manifestation of dharma; it refers to the social groups whose level and duties are to be preserved and carried out. There are four main types and levels of caste:

Priests “Brahmin”: memorize Vedas, do sacrifice rituals

Warrior Kings “Kshatriya” or “Ranjanya”: justice within and protection without

Brahmin

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Priests. Their dharma includes memorizing Vedas, doing sacrifice rituals

Kshatriya or Ranjanya

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Warrior Kings. Their dharma includes justice within and protection throughout

Vaishya

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Tradesman and most craftsmen. Their dharma includes manufacturing and trade

Shudra

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Servants and laborers. Their dharma includes service and obedience

Circular time

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

No single beginning to reality. Universe has a life cycle. One cycle, 4.32 billion years is a Kapla

Prusha

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

The original man, god like, gods sacrifice him, his mouth became the Brahmin and the arms became the warrior.

Indra

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Supreme ruler, known as the god of thunder, storms, and rain, warrior

Vishnu

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

The god of order, civilization, and incarnations

Shiva

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

The destroyer

Moksha

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth, known as samsara, primarily in Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. It is considered the ultimate goal of life, achieved by freeing the soul from the bonds of karma and ignorance. This liberation is attained through various paths, such as selfless action (karma yoga), devotion (bhakti yoga), and knowledge (jnana yoga). 

Jnana

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Type of yoga. Knowlege. Brahmin (priests)

Bhakti

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Type of yoga, devotion and dedication to a deity, Kshatriya or Ranjanya (warriors)

Karma yoga

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Type of yoga. Detachment from duty. Vaishya and Shudra. It involves dedicating your work, from household chores to your job, as an offering to a higher purpose and focusing on the action itself rather than personal reward or fame.

Himsa

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

harm

Ahimsa

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

non-harm

Janism

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

No killing. A critique of vedism.

Manusmriti

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Laws of Manu. A guide on how to be a good Hindu.

Violence

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

Can do any violence sanctioned by the Veda.

Twice-born

Keele

Bhagavad Gita

First born as a baby, then born into caste

Authorial Voice

Davina McClain

Sappho Poems and Fragments

The authorial voice in ancient Greek lyric poetry is complex and highly contextual, differing significantly from modern notions of a personal, confessional "I". While the poems often use the first person ("I"), this speaker functions as a projected persona or a "speaking voice" specifically crafted for a particular performance context (symposium, festival, etc.) rather than a direct, unmediated expression of the historical poet's private self. 

Implied Audience

Davina McClain

Sappho Poems and Fragments

The implied audience for Ancient Greek lyric poetry was diverse and depended heavily on the specific context of its performance, ranging from small, elite social gatherings to large-scale public festivals. 

Diptych

Davina McClain

Sappho

A "diptych" in ancient Greek refers to a two-panel, hinged writing tablet used for notes, letters, or lists, which was folded. These were common notebooks in antiquity, with inner surfaces coated in wax to be written on with a stylus. Form of communication

Complete Poems of Sappho date

6th century BC

Sappho

Analects date

[after 479 BC]

Kung Fu-tzu

The Philoctetes

[409 BC]

Sophocles

The Essential Thucydides, which has, in part,

The History of the Peloponnesian War

[late 5^th c.]

Thucydides

The Gita Dates

300 BC

The Essential Iliad

[late 700s–early 600s BC]

Homer

The Tanakh (=Hebrew Bible)

Unknown

) The Epic of Gilgamesh

[2100–1400 BC]

Unknown