A&P of Domestic Animals-Test 1

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Provide examples

Anatomy is the structure of the organs

Physiology is how the organs function

Ex: Anatomy- the design of the engine of a car

Physiology- how the car functions from the engine

 What are the four levels of organization in the body? What is the smallest level capable of life?

Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System

Cells

What do cells need to live? How do they obtain what they need?

Water, Oxygen, Nutrients, Living Environment, and Waste Removal. 

Through the bloodstream 

 What are the four basic tissues in the animal body and what are their functions? Describe a body organ containing numerous types of tissue and explain how those tissues work within the organ.

Epithelial- protect the body, absorb nutrients, secrete, filter, and excrete waste

Muscle- Allows for movement throughout the body; support

Connective- binding & supporting organs; transporting nutrients

Nervous- controls and regulates the body

Heart- epithelial protects outside of the heart

Muscle makes the heart pump

Connective allows the heart to move blood throughout body

Nervous tells the heart to beat

Correctly classify tissues in the body into one of the four basic tissue types.

Epithelial- epidermis of skin, lining of digestive tract

Connective- Blood, bone, cartilage

Muscle- skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Nervous- neurons, spinal cord, and nerves

  Apply directions terms, including: Left and Right, Cranial and Caudal, Rostral, Dorsal and Ventral, Proximal and Distal, Medial and Lateral, Superficial and Deep, Palmar and Plantar

Left/ Right- Animal’s left/ right

Cranial- toward the animal’s head

Caudal- toward the animal’s rump/tail

Rostral- (use on the head) toward nose/ front of skull

Dorsal- toward top surface of standing animal

Ventral- Toward belly (ground) of standing animal

Medial- Toward median (middle) plane of body

Lateral- away from median (middle) plane of body

Superficial- toward surface of the body

Deep- toward center of the body

Proximal (on extremities only)- toward body, closer to body

Distal ( on extremities only)- away from body, further from body

Palmar- below carpus on FRONT LEG

Plantar- below tarsus on REAR LEG

  How are directional terms used to describe the front and back surfaces of the limbs? *Remember that different terminology is used above / below the carpus/tarsus.

Cranial- front limb surface above carpus/tarsus

Caudal- back limb surface above carpus/tarsus

Dorsal- front/top surface of limb below carpus/ tarsus

Palmar- back surface below carpus/ tarsus on front limb

Plantar- back surface below carpus/ tarsus on hind limb

 Describe, apply, and sketch planes of reference, including: sagittal, median, transverse, and dorsal

Transverse- gray plane; divides body into head/ rump parts (hula hoop plane)

Sagittal- like medial, but not exactly centered

Medial- Yellow plane; equal right and left parts

Dorsal- Red Plane; dorsal and ventral parts of body

 What is the general plan of the animal body? What body cavities are present and what do they contain? What membranes line these cavities and cover the organs within them?

Two main body cavities

Dorsal- (Cranial- brain and Spinal- spinal cord)

Ventral- (Thoracic- lungs/heart and Abdominal- other organs)

Thoracic lined by thin membrane called pleura;viceral pleura covers OUTER surface of organs; Parietal Pleura- lines INSIDE of cavity

Abdominal- peritoneum; visceral- INNER surface; parietal- OUTER

Explain how body systems are essential to the functioning of the animal body. What are the basic functions of each system?

They each contribute to the body functioning perfectly, some can be removed with no damage. 

Digestive- how food/nutrients get absorbed

reproductive- creates human life/ produces hormones

Urinary- how waste is excreted

Endocrine- regulates processes throughout the body

Respiratory- oxygen exchange

Integumentary- protects outside of body

Skeletal- provides support for body, protects organs

Muscular- facilitates body movement

Cardiovascular- carries essential nutrients throughout the body

Immune- first line of defense against invaders

Lymphatic- returns fluids to the bloodstream

Nervous- controls the entire body and how it functions

Define health. What is disease?

The absence of disease; disrupts the normal function of the body that may cause a disfunction

Define homeostasis? Explain what is involved in the animal body maintaining homeostasis

An organisms stable internal environment; nervous system, endocrine system

Describe the functions of epithelial tissue. How do these functions vary depending upon where the epithelial tissue is located in the animal body?

It protects, filters, absorbs, manufactures secretions and excretion, and provides sensory input.

Single layer- GI tract absorption

Stratified- outermost layer of skin

Glandular- glands of the body

What are general characteristics of epi tissue?

Avascular, Innervated, contains basement membrane (connects epi to connective tissue)

What is keratin? Why is it important when it comes to epithelial cells?

A tough, waterproof protein; prevents bacterial penetration

  What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium? What is the benefit/downside of each type of epithelial tissue? Where would we find simple and stratified epithelial tissue in the animal body? Why?

Simple contains only one type of cell shape, stratified contains many

Simple offers little protection, but can absorb; stratified is tougher, but nutrients cannot absorb as fast

Simple- Lines alveoli in lungs; stratified- outer layer of skin

 Compare and contrast keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Where is each found in the animal body and why?

Keratinized- outer layer of skin, outside of body/ dead

Non-keratinized- mouth, protects tissues underneath

  What is unique about transitional epithelium and where is it found in the animal body?

It allows area to stretch and then return back to normal size

bladder, ureters, urethra

Determine if a gland is endocrine or exocrine. Give an explanation of the differences between these types of glands.

Endocrine- secretes hormones directly into bloodstream

Exocrine- secrete substances through ducts onto internal or external body surface

 Understand and combine basic medical terminology prefixes and suffixes from the notes (for example: cyte, osteo, etc.)

Chondro-cartilage

Osteo-bone

Leuko- white

Adipo- fat tissue

-cyte-cell

-blast-immature

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Supports, protects, and connects tissues and organs

What are the 3 components of CT? Which are living and which are non-living? Which components make up the extracellular matrix?

Specialized Cells-Living, Protein Fibers- nonliving, and Ground Substance- nonliving. All types of cells

Compare and contrast the following types of CT: areolar CT, adipose tissue, dense regular CT

Compare-All three are types of connective tissue, all contain cells

Contrast- Areolar is loose and airy, adipose contains fat cells, dense regular is very dense and tightly packed

 Describe specialized CT (cartilage, bone, blood) in the animal body. What unique features do these CT’s have?

Cartilage- cushions, protects, and supports

Bone- stores calcium, supports body

Blood- stores electrolytes and transports many substances and nutrients

Describe cartilage and how it stands out from other types of CT. How is it different? Why is this difference important?

Flexible and strong connective tissue, but it is noninnervated and avascular. Because it acts as a shock absorber and cushion for different areas of the body

 Where are the various types of cartilage found in the animal body?

Hyaline- in joints, nose, growth plates, rib cage (most common)

Elastic- ear pinnae, voice box

Fibrocartilage-intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis

   What are the components of blood?

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

What does the term hematopoietic mean? Where is hematopoietic tissue found within bone?

Development of blood and blood cells

Bone marrow

What are the unique features of bone as a CT? Describe various bone cells and their functions.

Hardest, most rigid type of CT, living and changing tissue

Osteocytes-mature bone cells

Osteoblasts-help bones grow and develop

Osteoclasts- form new bones and add growth to existing ones

 What is osteoarthritis? Is it painful? What types of connective tissue are involved? Explain.

Bone and joint inflammation in the body. It is painful. Cartilage wears away and innervated bone rubs against each other, causing pain

 Compare and contrast the 3 basic types of muscle in the animal body. Where is each type of muscle located?

Skeletal- found in limbs; striated, multinucleated, voluntary

Cardiac- found in heart; striated, 1 nucleus; involuntary

Smooth- found in viscera; not striated, 1 nucleus; involuntary

What is the function of nervous tissue? What is the primary cell type in nervous tissue?

transmit sensory information from body to brain and brain out to body; neurons- nerve cells

What makes neurons high maintenance cells?

high requirement for oxygen, cannot reproduce, need support (glial cells)

What are glial cells?

support cells for neurons, protect neurons

Use appropriate medical terminology for the integument (derm, pilus, tricho, hypo)

Derm-skin

Plius- relating to hair

tricho- relating to hair

Hypo- below

What are the functions of the integumentary system? Why are these functions important for the body?

1. Protection, preventing desiccation (drying out)

2. Sensation

3. Temperature Regulation

4. Production of Vitamin D

5. Secretion and Excretion via glands

 What are the characteristics of each layer of the integument? Vascular or avascular, innervated, etc. How are these features important to the functioning of the area?

Epidermis- avascular, but innervated. Allow for bleeding not all the time

Dermis- dense, irregular, vascular and innervated

Hypodermis- deepest layer, insulator and shock absorber. allows skin to move freely over bone

Describe the layers of the epidermis – where are living, dividing cells found? What happens to cells as they move towards the surface of the integument?

Deepest- dividing, living epi cells

Outermost layers made of keratinized, dead epithelial cells that are shed constantly

Describe the special features of the integument, including pigmentation, paw pads, planum nasale, ergots and chestnuts, and cutaneous pouches of sheep

pigmentation- melanocytes produce pigment; color

paw pads-forms the lower, weightbearing part of the foot

planum nasale- hairless pigment of muzzle

ergots and chestnuts- extra toes or pads from ancestors

cutaneous pouches- waxy substance that gives off a distinct color

 Describe and diagram the parts of hair. What layer of the integument is hair anchored in? What are the functions of hair?

Hypodermis

Protects, insulator, and sensory organ

 What is the function of the arrector pili muscle? Is it a voluntary or involuntary muscle? How does it contribute to the fight or flight response?

to contract and cause hair to stand up. Adrenaline can cause this from fear

 Compare and contrast the various types of hair: primary, secondary, tactile

Primary- long, stiff straight; outermost layer

Secondary- short, thin, soft; soft undercoat, close to skin

Tactical- thicker and longer than primary; whiskers or sinus hairs

Compare and contrast the types of glands found in the skin. What are the functions of each? Are the glands endocrine or exocrine? Why?

sebaceous and sweat glands, both exocrine

Describe claws and dew claws.

Claws- hard outer covering of distal digits

Dewclaws- extra toe on dog, first digit

 Explain a feline declaw surgery and understand the anatomy involved.

Amputation of entire third phalanx bone and claw. Claw grows directly from P3 so failure could result in regrowth of claw

What is an ungulate? Which species are ungulates?

a hoofed, four-legged mammal that typically walks on the tips of its toes.

How many digits (toes) do ruminants bear weight on? How many digits do horses (equines) bear weight on?

2;1

Explain the anatomy of the equine hoof. How to all of the components work together? What are the features of each area of the hoof? Which areas are insensitive to pain? Which are sensitive to pain?

outer part- hoof wall- toe, quarters, heel- not innervated or vascular

inner- sole, frog- non-innervated

deepest- corium, secures hoof wall and sole to underlying P3 bone- innervated and vascular

 What happens when a horse has laminitis? Identify the areas of anatomy that are involved and describe the physiology.

Inflammation of the laminae of the corium

Swelling can cause separation of P3 bone and hoof wall. P3 rotates downward due to weight of horse