FNR 457:Practical Fisheries Management Final

What does ITQ stand for?

Individual transferable quotas

What does TAC stand for?

Total allowable catch

What is a BRD?

Bycatch reduction device

What does TED stand for?

Turtle exclusion devices or trawl efficiency devices

What does MPA stand for?

Marine protected areas

What is regulated inefficiency?

Too many or inappropriate regulations lead to ineffectiveness and noncompliance.

Why do we need fishing regulations?

To control human behavior, protect fish populations, habitats, and harvest levels.

Who has authority over fisheries?

Shared among state and federal agencies, legislators, and the public.

What are the advantages of licensing recreational anglers?

Provides economic justification, user information, and affects federal aid allotments.

What are input controls in fishing regulations?

Limits on fishing effort.

What are output controls in fishing regulations?

Limits on catch.

What is the difference between TAC and ITQ?

TAC is the total biomass allowed to be caught, while ITQ allows individual fishers to fish until their personal limit.

What are the pros of a minimum size limit?

Protects spawning potential, increases biomass production, creates trophy fisheries.

What are the cons of a minimum size limit?

Potential stockpiling problem.

What are the pros of a maximum size limit?

Increases early growth and large fish.

What are the cons of a maximum size limit?

Recruitment must be high; may be unacceptable to anglers.

What is a slot limit?

Limits between two sizes of fish harvested.

What are the pros of a slot limit?

Can harvest small and large fish, protects vulnerable species.

What are the cons of a slot limit?

Confusing to implement and regulate.

What are spawning closures?

Temporarily close fisheries during spawning seasons to protect adult fish.

What is nursery habitat protection?

Protects areas where juvenile fish grow and develop.

What are marine protected areas (MPAs)?

Spatially defined areas with long-term restrictions on fishing and other activities.

What is passive adaptive management?

Uses predictive modeling based on current knowledge to inform management decisions.

What is active adaptive management?

Changes management strategies to test new hypotheses.

Why might adaptive management not work?

Monitoring may not be completed, data not analyzed, or results are inconclusive.

What are the three types of fish movement among systems?

Natural, intentional (stocking), and unintentional (canals, escape culture ponds).

What are alternative methods to intentional introductions?

Use of native fishes, habitat protection, improved water management, or sterile fishes.

Why is it difficult to predict successful invasions of species?

Many factors affect success, such as reproduction rate, migratory behavior, and diet.

Which areas in the U.S. have the highest rates of invasive species?

Mostly the southwest and Florida, especially Arizona due to warm climate and habitat disturbance.

Does extirpation or introduction have a greater impact on fish species composition?

Introduction has a greater impact due to more introduced species altering community structure.

What are reasons why fish species become endangered?

Direct human-induced extinctions (overexploitation) and indirect human-induced extinctions (habitat alterations).

Who is responsible for the management of endangered species?

Federal: USFWS, State: Indiana DNR, International: IUCN, CITES.

What does ESA stand for?

Endangered Species Act.

What is the purpose of the ESA?

To conserve the ecosystem upon which endangered and threatened species depend.

Who administers the ESA?

The USFWS.

How have international treaties aided in endangered species management?

They have regulated the worldwide trade of endangered, rare, and protected species.

What are some approaches to maintain endangered populations?

Supplementing populations with stocking, regulating non-natives that threaten endangered populations, and rebuilding lost habitat.

Why should we consider both single-species and multi-species conservation approaches?

Single-species conservation protects vulnerable species and highlights larger ecosystem problems, while multi-species conservation maintains general biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Why is it important to maintain inter-population genetic variation in fish populations?

It preserves differences among subpopulations that have evolved in response to local environmental conditions.

What can affect inter-population genetic variation?

Human activities such as stocking and habitat fragmentation.

Why is it important to maintain intra-population genetic variation in fish populations?

Low genetic diversity limits a population's ability to adapt to environmental change and increases extinction risk.

What can affect intra-population genetic variation?

Effective population size, inbreeding, and levels of heterozygosity.

What is GSI in terms of genetics?

Genetic Stock Identification.

How can GSI be used to guide fisheries management?

It helps identify stock-specific patterns like migration and estimate abundance to ensure there isn't overharvesting.

What is parentage-based tagging?

A tagging method where fish are tagged by genotyping their parents and later matching offspring using DNA.

What are the pros of using parentage-based tagging?

No physical tags needed, can track harvest rates and stock contribution over large spatial scales.

What are the cons of using parentage-based tagging?

It can be costly and technically challenging, and requires long-term genetic databases.

Why is it important for fisheries managers to communicate their successes?

The perception of failure has led to questioning the value of the profession and use of resources.

Why do recovery programs take decades to be successful?

They require long-term coordination efforts, ecological, social, and political aspects, and fish populations recover slowly.

What caused the decline of Lake Sturgeon in the Red River?

Overharvest, habitat degradation, and barriers such as dams.

What techniques have the MN DNR implemented in their recovery plan for Lake Sturgeon?

Harvest bans, habitat restoration, fish passage improvements, stocking and hatchery supplementation, and long-term monitoring.

Why has it taken so long for Lake Sturgeon to make a comeback?

They mature late, have long lifespans, and spawn infrequently, so population growth is slow.

What caused the decline of Walleye in Saginaw Bay?

Declining water quality, habitat degradation, and invasive species.

Why did the MI DNR decide to initiate a recovery plan for Walleye in the late 1970s?

Severe population declines caused by overharvest, pollution, and habitat degradation.

What strategies were laid out in the new management recovery plan for Walleye?

Restricting commercial harvest, controlling fishing gear, stocking fingerlings, habitat improvement, long-term monitoring, and science-based management.

What unexpected food web changes occurred in Lake Huron that aided in the recovery of Walleye?

A major decline in Alewife, a key prey fish and predator of Walleye larvae, occurred due to food web changes linked to invasive mussels and reduced productivity.