Bios 251 Online Exam 2 Review

Flashcards covering key definitions and concepts from Bios 251 Online Exam 2.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Anabolism

The process of building molecules from small and simple components.

Catabolism

The process of breaking down large and complex molecules into smaller and simpler ones.

Cellular Respiration

A set of metabolic reactions that converts glucose into energy (ATP), requiring oxygen in aerobic respiration.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A fundamental structure of the plasma membrane, consisting of hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic head.

Integral Proteins

Transmembrane proteins that span the entire depth of the plasma membrane and are amphipathic.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins located on the outside of the plasma membrane that can easily dissociate from it.

Selective Permeability

A property of cellular membranes that regulates which molecules can enter or exit the cell.

Glycolysis

The first step in cellular respiration, occurring in the cytosol where glucose is broken down to produce pyruvate.

Krebs Cycle

A series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrial matrix, further processing products of glycolysis.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells produced during cellular respiration.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of nonpenetrating molecules than inside the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of nonpenetrating molecules than inside the cell, causing the cell to swell.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with an equal number of nonpenetrating molecules inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them in vesicles derived from the plasma membrane.

Exocytosis

The process by which substances are released from a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Neuroglia

Supportive cells in the nervous system that protect and support neurons.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that covers exposed surfaces of the body, lines internal passageways and organs, and forms glands.

Connective Tissue

The most diverse tissue type that connects and supports other tissues, providing structure, transport, and energy storage.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated muscle tissue under voluntary control, associated with the movement of the skeleton.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated muscle tissue found only in the heart, under involuntary control.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated muscle tissue found in various systems throughout the body, under involuntary control.