Smoking and vaping and Alcohol

Why do we breathe?

It allows oxygen in the air to move into the lungs then pass into the bloodstream and can be carried to the cells for cellular respiration

What does breathing allow carbon dioxide to do?

To move into the blood and be carried to the lungs where it can be passed out of the body into the atmosphere

How is carbon dioxide produced in our bodies?

From cellular respiration

Where does air pass through?

• Pharynx

• Trachea

• Bronchus

• left/right bronchi

• Alveoli

Inspiration

Breathing in

Inspiration colloquial term

Inhalation

Expiration

Breathing out

Expiration colloquial term

Exhalation

Diaphragm contracts

Active

Diaphragm relaxes

Passive

What are alveoli?

The sites of gas exchange between the lungs and the capillaries of the circulatory system

Where does the oxygen from the alveoli pass into?

The capillaries

Where does CO² from the capillaries pass into?

Alveoli

Total surface area of all alveoli

The surface area of a tennis court

Pathway of the circulatory system

Blood pumped out of right ventricle of the heart travels into the arteries of the lungs

Where does blood enter after entering the lung arteries?

The surrounding alveoli of lungs

Oxygen moves from alveoli into blood

It binds to hemoglobin of red blood cells and blood returns to left atrium of heart via veins

Where is blood pumped out of left ventricle of heart?

Through the aorta to cells of the body

Where does blood travel to after being in the arteries?

The capillaries to service the cells

Where does blood return through the veins?

Into the right atrium of the heart

Capillaries

Service all cells of the body

Arterial end of capillary system

Oxygen, amino acids, and glucose move out of the capillary system into the cells

Venous end of capillary system

Carbon dioxide, waste, and water move into that capillary from the cells

CO² production by cells

A bi-product of cellular respiration

CO² in the blood

CO² enters the capillaries and is transported in the blood through the right side of the heart

Heart pumps blood to the lungs…

CO² moves from the blood into the alveoli and then out the mouth or nose

When was smoking considered dangerous?

In the 1960’s, cigarette consumption went down

When did smoking increase?

1900’s

Smoking and cancer

There is a lag time of 20 years between exposure to carcinogens and the appearance of cancer

Tabacco companies

Lobbied hard to keep the information about smoking to cancer quiet

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A lung disease that makes breathing difficult

What is COPD caused by?

Damage to the lungs over many years, usually from smoking

What is COPD a mixture of?

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

2nd hand smoking

Still has high cancer rates and kills people

Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchial tubes (carry air to the lungs) get inflamed and make too much mucus

Issues with chronic bronchitis

Can narrow or block the airways, restricting airflow, making it hard to breathe

Emphysema

Tar from smoke damages the alveoli

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs, like balloons

What happens to alveoli when you breathe?

They get bigger and smaller to move through the lungs

What happen to alveoli with emphysema?

They get damaged and lose their stretch

Long-term effects of COPD

Its hard getting CO² out of the blood and getting O² out of the blood

How are alveoli damaged?

By long-term smoking

25 year smoker

Less surface area of alveoli, more open space

Non-smoker

More surface area of alveoli, less open space

Less surface area in alveoli

Means less gas exchange

Damaged air sac (alveoli) and airway (bronchiole)

Old air can’t get out, new air can’t get in

CO in cigarette smoke

Outcompetes O² for places on hemoglobin

Lung cancer

Kills more Americans than breast cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer combined

How can lung cancer be detected?

Only after cancer cells have spread to vital organs through metastasis, it cannot be detected by x-ray screenings

What causes 87% of lung cancer cases?

Smoking

Cilia

Hair-like structures that line the inside of the airways (bronchi & bronchioles)

Healthy cilia

Sweep mucus and particles to pharynx so they can be eliminated from the body

How does smoking damage cilia?

It burns them

How is having fewer cilia dangerous?

More particles, viruses, and bacteria remain in the lungs where it can causes illness

Why do smokers get colds more than non-smokers?

They have less cilia to sweep out mucus

Experiment to demonstrate the function of cilia

In 1970, humans inhaled finely ground particles. After a year non-smokes eliminated 90% of the particles while smokers only eliminated 50%

Carcinogens

Cancer causing agents

Carcinogens in smoking partciles

Smoking particles contain 40 known carcinogens that result in lung cancer

Risk out lung cancer after quitting smoking

Much lower rate than smokers but not as low as a nonsmoker

Diseases associated with smoking cigarettes

Heart disease, lung cancer, COPD, etc.

Which organs does smoking affect?

It affects the heart but mostly the lungs

Vaping

E-cigarettes battery operated to vaporize liquid solutions with nicotine or marijuana

Associated cancer with vapes

There is no tar or associated chemicals that cause cancer

How much is the vaping industry?

8 billion dollars and is expected to triple in the next decade

When did vaping-related illnesses increase?

In 2019

How many people were hospitalized from vaping in 2020?

2,758 people

How many people were died from vaping in 2020?

64 people

What was added into to Ecigs and vapes

Vitamin E acetate

Why did vitamin E acetate hospitalize and kill people who vaped?

It is associated with lung injuries

What was used as an alternative to cigarettes?

Ecigs and vapes but they are just as unhealthy

Why would a two group experimental group be bad to test the effects of alcohol?

It would be unethical to have participants drink alcohol

Epidemiology studies

Looks for patterns in data related to health of the population in surveys or public records. Possible relationships between variables and how they change overtime

Why do French people have lower risk of coronary heart disease, even though they eat a lot of saturated fats

It was discovered that French people drink significantly more wine

Moderate drinking

Seems to be more beneficial for people at risk of heart disease

J shaped curve hypothesis

Heavy drinking is much worse than no drinking

No level drinking

No alcohol consumption is associated with slightly more health problems than moderate alcohol consumption

Low level alcohol consumption

Moderate alcolhol comsumption is associated with the lowest level of health problems

High level alcohol consumption

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with the highest level of health problems

Female alcohol consumption

No more than 1 drink a day

Male alcohol consumption

No more than 2 drinks a day

One standard drink

12 oz of beer, 5oz of. wine, 1.5 0z 80-proof spirits

Females and alcohol concentration

Females tend to be smaller and have less body water, allowing alcohol to become more concentrated

Females and breaking down alcohol

Females have less alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme in the stomach lining and liver that breaks down alcohol

Benefits of moderate drinking (published scientific studies)

When alcohol is consumed moderately, it offers some pharmacological benefits to people already at increased risk of heart disease

What does moderate drinking increase?

Good (HDL) cholesterol, not a substitute for exercise, eating healthy, or giving up cigarettes

Why people who dont drink have more health risks

People might abstain from alcohol because they are already in good health

Studies about people who dont drink

Most studies don’t distinguish between people who have never had a drink and those who drank heavily earlier in their lives and then quit

Does drinking alcohol have health benefits?

Not for the general population, risks outweigh the benefits

Alcohol benefit for heart disease individuals

There is a small benefit in moderation; it can decrease certain types of heart disease

The liver

All digested food molecules moving from small intestine into the blood go to…

Function of the liver

• Regulation of blood sugar

• Production of cholesterol

• Production of blood proteins

• Production of bile

• Conversion of ammonia to urea

• Detoxification of blood, including the breakdown of alcohol

Liver cells

Contain alcohol dehydrogenase which converts alcohol to acetaldehyde

Alcohol broken down in the liver

Other enzymes convert acetaldehyde to carbon dioxide and hydrogens which are excreted from the body or used for energy (Ethanol → Acetaldehyde → CO² and H)

What is Co² used for when broken down in the liver?

It is breathe out

What is H used for when broken down in the liver?

Energy that can be stored as fat

Alcohol induced liver disease (ALD)

Major cause of illness and death in the U.S

Most common alcohol induced liver disease

Reversible with abstinence, Fatty liver

Fatty Liver Disease

Reversible with abstinence

Alcohol Hepatitis

Persistent disease that includes inflammation of the liver, reversible with abistinence

Cirrhosis

Not reversible, persistent scarring of the liver