PSYC101-Module 5

What does temperament mean?

• Distinctive response tendencies that are seen from the first few weeks of life

What are the temperament classification?

• Easy child

• Difficult child

• Slow to warm up child

• However 35% of children can have some aspect of each category

What is an easy child?

• 40%

• Regular routine

• Cheerful

• Adapts to experiences

What is a difficult child?

• 10%

• Irregular routines

• slow to accept new experiences

What is a slow-to-warm-up child

• 15%

• Inactive

• Mild reactions

What is attachment?

What did Harlow find about attachment?

• Infant monkeys attached to the terry cloth monkey - despite the wire monkey providing food

• Babies are attached to their mothers not just for the fact they provide food, but that they provide comfort and security

What is Bowlby’s Attachment theory?

• Looked at attachment between mother an newborns

• Early interactions are important for attachment and therefore development

• Can become attached to multiple caregivers

What are the main types of attachment styles?

• Secure attachment

• Insecure

  • Avoidant

  • Resistant attachment

  • Disorganised-disoriented attachment

What is secure attachment?

• Actively seeks parent upon return

• Distressed when parent leaves the room

What is avoidance attachment?

What is resistant attachment?

What is disorganised attachment?

How does attachment have an impact in early life?

• Secure in infancy

  • Good relationship with peers

• Insecure in infancy

  • Less independent

  • Emotional and social struggles

• Parents, attachment and adolescence

How does attachment have an impact later on in life?

• Attachment styles impacts

  • Quality of romantic relationships

  • Parenting and caregiving

  • Adjustment in life

  • Work - developing working skills

What is the model of other and model of self table?

• Shows how attachment impact self view and view of others

• 4 categories

  • Secure (secure attachment history)

    • Positive - self view

    • Positive - view of others

  • Dismissing (avoidant attachment history)

    • Positive - self view

    • Negative - view of others

  • Preoccupied (resistant attachment history)

    • Negative - self view

    • Positive - view of others

  • Fearful (disorganised attachment history)

    • Negative - self view

    • Negative - view of others

What impacts attachment security?

• Quality of caregiving

• Child’s temperament

• internal working models of relationships p.4

What is social development?

Which relationships can impact socialisation?

• Parents

• Siblings

• Peers

How do parents influence social development?

• Parenting is a major life milestone

• Some traits of parenting that influence social development

  • Acceptance - responsiveness

  • Demandingness - control

What are the types of parenting styles?

• Authoritative

• Authoritarian

• Permissive

• Neglectful

Authoritative - acceptance high, control high

• Acceptance high

• Control high

Authoritarian - acceptance low, control high

• Acceptance low

• Control high

Permissive - acceptance low, control high

• Acceptance high

• Control low

Neglectful - low acceptance, low control

• Low acceptance

• Low control

How do sibling influence social development?

How do peers influence social development?

How does gender impact socialisation?

What is social cognition, and what are three developments of it?

What is concept of self?

What is concept of others?

What is the theory of mind?

What is perspective taking?

What is concept of gender?

What is moral reasoning?

• Ability to discern what is right and wrong

• Moral development is tied to cognitive development

• As you develop cognitively your moral reasoning develops

What are the different theories of moral development?

• Piaget’s theory

• Kohlberg’s theory

• Cognitive social theories

• Information processing theories

• Emotional approaches

  • Psychodynamic theories

  • Empathetic theories

What is Piaget’s theory of moral development?

• Contributions

• Criticism

What is the stage or moral judgement according to Piaget’s theory?

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

• Contributions

• Criticism

What are the three stages in Kohleber’s theory of moral development?

• Preconventional level

• Conventional level

What happens at the preconventional level?

What happens at the conventional level?

• Have interaliased society’s rules

What happens at the postconventional level?

• Looking beyond fixed rules

What are the cognitive social theories of moral development?

• Contributions

• Criticism

What is the information processing theory of moral development?

• Contributions

• Criticism

What is the psychodynamic theory of moral development?

• Contributions

• Criticism

What is the empathetic theory of moral development?

• Contributions

• Criticism

What is Erkison’s theory of social development?

• Each stage has a basic psychological conflicts

According to Erikson what are the ages considered in the childhood stage

According to Erikson what happens during 0-18months

• Basic trust vs basic mistrust

• Where children develop a loving relationship or develop a sense of mistrust based on the interactions with caregivers

• Later: pessimistic or optimistic

According to Erikson what happens during 1-2 years?

• Autonomy vs shame and doubt

• At this stage, toilet training, walking, dressing

• All of this requires control that the child needs

• If the parents overrides the child learning to do this by themselves it may lead to this later on in life

  • Later

According to Erikson what happens during 3-6 years?

• Initiative vs guilt

• Later

According to Erikson what happens during 7-11 years?

• Industry vs inferiority

• Later

According to Erikson what happens in adolescent years?

• Identity vs identity confusion

What is the critical model of adolescences?

What is the continuity model of adolescences?

According to Erikson what happens during young adulthood?

• Intimacy vs isolation

• Later:

According to Erikson what happens in midlife?

• Generativity vs stagnation/self-absorption

According to Erikson what happens from 60s onwards?

• Ego integrity vs despair