Global History of Architecture - Exam 3

Tokugawa Shogunate

- reconstructed the major shrines and temple of Kyoto

- built a castle in Himeji to control the routes connecting the newly acquired western territories

Himeji Castle

- castle compound consists of a honmaru (inner citadel0)and its defensive terrace

- the main tower rises 7 floors, entire structure is held together by two massive pillars

- east pillar is wood, west pillar is a composite, inspired by pagoda designs, called shinbashira (heart pillars)

- bulked up inhabited pagoda, symbolic allusion

- exterior is white with grey roof tiles and triangular and flaring gables

kenmon

- mon means gateway

- kenmon describes a person of authority

- literally means power gate

Mikado

- "honorable gate"

- used in reference to the emperor

Kinmon

- "prohibited gateway"

- could only be used in the imperial palace where access was restricted

nikko Toshogu

- tokugawa leyasu was defied as a tutelary kami of japan shortly after his death, considered divine and on par with emperor

- was buried on sacred mountain nikko

- shrine built for him was built on side of hill in the gongen-zukuri form

- tori marks the path that leads to the first terrace

- the daimyo (feudal overlords) were only allowed to go as far as the gate to the inner shrine, only priest and family could enter

- sculpture of zhou gong dan place above front entrance, he is the paragon of the virtuous ruler

- has a haiden (worship hall), a main hall (honden)

nijo-jo

- was designed to stage military authority socially through waiting rooms and meeting halls

- was the palace where all generals had to go to pay obeisance

- wall behind gate to palace steps back to suggest the presence of hidden depths to the court

- wall to garden is angled to suggest illusion of larger space

- kuroshion are meant for informal audiences with the shogun

- shiroshoin are the royal residences

- springs were put underneath the plank of the garden corridor so that occupants in closed off rooms could hear someone approach

- visitors would be places in the antechamber as an intimidation tactic, painted with evergreens to symbolize perennial authority of shogun

- in the ohiroma (main audience space), shoguns position was staged to show his significance immediately

Katsura Rikyu (Katsura imperial villa)

- older aristocratic families began to adopts the influences from the ideals of Zen Buddhism

- underlying design is ceremonial teahouse, serving tea was the center for lavish rituals at courtly ceremonies

- comprised of three shoins (sections) referred to as old, middle, and new

- has two main entry gates, one a simple bamboo one and the other was built for imperial visits, interior was not visible from outside these gates

- has 7 teahouses in the garden distributed in a semicircular arc

- every entrance into villa is from large uncut stones

- geometry that governs is derived from the dimensions of the tatami and sliding shoji screens

- all important rooms face east onto the garden

- garden stones can make unexpected twists, makes visitors focus on the act of walking

Ming Tombs - site

- emperors death was special as he became apart of heaven itself

- there are 13 ming tombs

- designed to consist of three parts, a long spirit path leading up to the tomb, a shrine for ceremonies and sacrifices to the dead, and the burial mound

- all the tombs are clustered along the same spirit path

- accompanying concubines and servants were not sacrifices so no chamber was needed for them

- pai lou leads into the complex, symbolizes people who have lead a virtuous life

- 12 pairs of animals and 6 pairs of men line the path and symbolize an eternal guard

- center portal of gate after eternal guard is blocked off to prevent passage of evil spirits

- length of pathway is at a scale appropriate for the emperors

- feng shui was followed when selecting sites for tombs

- site approached from the south

Ming Tombs - specifics

- they consist of a sequence of rectangular enclosures for rituals and sacrifices, signify the terrestrial

- mound signifies the heavenly

- most only have 1-2 enclosures, 3 largest each have 3

- mounds planted with thujas and oak trees as it was believed these nourished the dead

- tablets above gate were left blank due to it being inappropriate to announce "sons of heaven"

- vaults all made with smooth white marble, chose to only use stone masonry skills for tomb structures

Potala Palace

- oriented east to west, front faces south to inner city

- primary massing is that of a fort to make sure it was defensible

- long ramps make their way up the hill, are used for processional paths leading to a place of pilgrimage

- white palace was built first, houses large ceremonial halls for prayer, rooms for visiting dignitaries, and offices

- red palace constructed after, houses the audience hall as well as burial stupas for the dalai lama

- usual entrance is through the white palace

- elaboration and size of each tibetan window increases with each story

Voyages of Zheng He

- voyages were to establish diplomatic ties with other nations

- meant to expand chinas trading horizon

- huge kilns were built at jingdezhen to produce ceramic pieces to support chinas export economy

- disbanded after threats from the mongols in favor of securing the great wall system

Mughals

- built the city of fatehpur sikri and the taj mahal

Humayun's Tomb

- influences the design of the taj mahal

- faced with red sandstone, sits in middle of large square garden divided into quadrants

- main gate was on the southern wall

- tomb is an octagon with eight surrounding chambers on two levels, passage ways connect all of them, may be associated with circumambulating the burial chamber

Fatehpur Sikri

- built to give thanks to salim chisti for gifting him a son

- first structure is the jami masjid (friday mosque), oriented west so its at an angle to the escarpment, everything else follows this orientation

- makes the site full of unexpected spatial expansion and contraction

Buland Darwaza

- the mihrab and the western wall are elaborately decorated with a colorful stone mosaic

- the sandstone of the rest of the building is used in the columns as a structural piece

- the southern gate was rebuilt to commemorate the victory of akbar over gujarat

- built stairs up to it to exaggerate the external height

- interior height finishes below the height of the qibla iwan

diwan-i-khas

- akbar created the din-i-llahi or the divine religion as a new syncretic and pluralistic cult, fairly generic creed of abstinence, meditation, beneficence, politeness, and mystical monotheism

- is a royal audience hall, made of red sandstone with four chattris at the corners, emperors seat in the middle, listens to people from above

Rauza-i-Munavvara (Taj Mahal)

- tomb for shah jahan's favorite queen

- Urs celebrations are held here, celebrations of prayer and song in praise of the deceased)

- jahan buried to the right of mumtaz, feet facing south, closer to the Ka'aba

- mughal emperors accessed it from the water

- the four divided gardens represent the islamic garden of paradise and the four chanels represent the four rivers of paradise

- dome of tomb is the only one that rises above the minarets, conceptually the dome of heaven

- four corner spaces are connected with corridors to allow for circumambulation

Vihaynagara

- built up wealth by investing in cholan decentralization temple based administration and by irrigating new lands

- north and west were defended by natural landmarks

- urban area built into gullies and valleys of the terrain

- temples and palaces were aligned to the cardinal directions, three market streets are aligned about 2 deg south of east

- main temples are freestanding, palaces and city are enclosed by wall

- elaborate ceremonial tank and bathing pool were part of main palace

Virupaksha

- started as small shiva shrine

- grew into giant urban complex

- opens into long market street, direct connection between commerce and religion

- all temples visually connected with each other and small hilltops that has small temples

Bijapur

- holds the tombs of Ibrahim II and his wife and the rest of his family

- the mosque and mausoleum face each other within a larger enclosure

- tombs overall vocabulary harmonizes with that of the mosque

Gol Gumbaz

- largest single chambered building ever constructed

- supporting walls are largely unornamented

- has 8 intersecting pointed arches, 6 small openings

- main entrance is to the west

Isfahan

- rebuilt into one of the largest cities in the world and the focus for all the artistic energy in the country after it became the new capital

- new layout exemplified the most extensive planning in the world west of china

- new urban center is south of the old Friday mosque and original urban center, to serve as the cities new civic and commercial center

- new square is also the symbolic center of the safavid dynasty and its empire, used for festivals, markets, and games of polo

Masjid-i-shah mosque

- set at a 45 degree and to the new square to face mecca

- main portal mirrors entrance to the bazaar to the north

- very symmetric

- winter prayers halls to the side of the sanctuary also serve as madrasas

Suleymaniye Complex

- was terraced up a hill to take advantage of the view overlooking the golden horn to the north

- contains four madrassas, hospice, kitchen, bath, bazaar, courtyards, mosque, and mausoleums

- mosque is modeled after hagia sophia

- building is lit from floor to dome equally to provide a sense of clarity and discipline

- windows are numerous and wide, sunlight enters directly to center space

Kremlin's New Churches

- is on a hilltop fortification compound at the center of moscow, city rulers used it as a place of residence

- aristotile fioravanti designed the cathedral of the assumption of repose of the virgin, it is where russian rulers got crowned and investiture of the patriarchs of the russian orthodox church, was designed as an open 9 squared grid with pentacupolar silhouette

- cathedral of the archangel michael, used as the burial site for russian rulers

Church of the Ascension

- is built over an earlier structure

- two story polygonal arcade

- moved toward dynastic message from religious traditions embedded in the pentacupolar motif

Dogon of Mali

- encountered the Tellem culture

- tellem are the smithies for the dogon, responsible for making the important ancestor statues that are commissioned by dogon elders for cerenmonies

- tellem held in awe for majical powers, seen as lesser than the dogon

- individuals sgtatus is determined by position within family groups and age and rules of descent

- religion involves worship of ancestors as well as spirits

- believe in one god, amma, all knowing and all powerful, upholds balance between living and dead

- each clan has own altar (taba) to amma

- ceremonies are overseen by priests, all rites and ceremonies performed by males

- compounds are called ginna, consist of squared towers with straw roofs, house of elder is larger and more complex and based on symbolism of number 1 and 7 (sum of female 4 and male 3)

- social apex is the preist (hogon), house is painted with totem images

- civic buildings known as toguna, not possible to stand in

Palladio

- trained as a mason, made extensive studies of the ancient buildings of rome

- rebuilt the basilica in Vicenza

- his villas were working farms, needed to be functional

- his most distinguished villas have elevated temple front facades

- layouts are always symmetrical and simple

- windows and internal doorways are often aligned

- villa foscari became a model for palaces, villas, and houses

- his designs were more circumscribed yet still creative despite method and system

Villa Rotonda

- was designed as a retirement estate for papal prelate paolo almerico

- is symmetrical around both axes, stands on top of his enhanced by retaining walls

- each facade had a temple front, principal material was brick and white stucco

- entrance to the northwest is recessed so one can see the chapel down the road

- garden to the south can only be reached from the basement

Baroque Italy

- style emerged from rome as a counterstatement to the reformation

- papacy was no longer a major power in european politics

- style began to change and became more urban, acquired elements like public parks and waterworks

- greek cross was rejected for the latin cross, allowed for clear separations between clergy and laity

- curved lines were preferred to straight ones

- light came through clear windows designed to be unseen to create mysteriousness

- transepts minimized for nonexistent

- preference for longitudinal nave with many side aisles

Campidoglio

- buildings campaigns to restore a sense of prestige during the reformation and counter reformation

- piazza of capitoline hill is the nominal site of the roman senate, wanted to impress Charles V on his visit to rome

- is a symmetrical composition, trapezoidal piazza with three palace fronts

- giant order was used for the first time for the pilasters supporting an unbroked entablature

- center has a shallow oval indentation, 12 pointed blossom emerging out of it hints as zodiacal symbolism

- sculpture of emblem of rome placed over entrance of the palace of conservators, she wolf with remus and romulus

- center statues is on marcus aurelius, best preserved bronzed from roman times, bolsters the popes power by identifying himself with pagan roman emperor

St. Peters Basilica

- solitary center of the christian world after hagia sophia lost to ottomans

- torn down an rebuilt

- new design was in shape of greek cross, open on all sides with an apse projecting outward from each arm of cross

- center was defined by semispherical dome on columns

- longitudinal orientation was created by adding a colonnaded portico across the front

- dome was raised to a higher drum before it was built to make it easier to see from the piazza in front of the building

- a new piazza was added that needed to have a covered processional way for visits to the pope, had to retain old entrance to the vatican, central entrance papal blessings had to be visible to as many people as possible, egyptian obelisk also had to have a place

- vatican entrance opens up to the scla regia and provides a dignified approach to the papal apartments

Sant'Andrea al Quirinale

- geometric plan based on the architects reverence for the pantheon

- sits directly opposite the palazzon del quirinale, is intended as part of a monastic complex in order to train novices

- dedicated to saints of the jesuits, was a type of pantheon for the jesuits

- central apse is dedicated to St. Andrew and marked by flanking pairs of marbled columns

- other four saints positioned in the niches on both sides of the principle cross axes

- dome over oval is covered in golden decorations to evoke the heavenly space that St. andrew ascends to

Il Gesu

- jesuits are a major institution set up by the church to fight the reformation, the society of jesus

- prayer and meditation had to be balanced with service and teaching

- Il Gesu is the jesuit mother church in rome

- was placed at an important intersection of the papal route through the city

- has a simplified plan with no narthex, a single nave without aisles, and transepts that are abridges

- interior is sparsely adorned and side chapels are sold to ensure proper endowments

- a response to the counter reformations call for simplification

Spanish invasion of America

- conquistadores began searching for gold, spain became worlds leading silver producer, vast quantities were used to buy goods from china

- diseases wiped out many native americans and mede it easier for colonization

- new towns were made to support the encomienda economy and connect it to ports, laid out min rectangular grid with a plaza in the center

encomienda were spanish settlers entrusted with large tracts of land and were allowed to tax and demand labor services from the populations, quickly became corrupted

- church and administrative buildings usually faced onto the plaza

- churches were built in an effort to facilitate the task of converting the indigenous people

Atrios

- spanish churches built by friars emphasized simplicity and directness

- they were straightforward boxes with thick walls, window few and high, walls were left bare or painted with simple illustrations

- atrios were a large open court, walled along the edges that used the facade of the church as a backdrop, was reminiscent of the plazas

- processions were devised here, had stopping places for the stations of the cross that began at church and rotated cc around the atrio, stations were altars that represented events associated with jesus

- contravened the basic principle of the house of god as a building with a roof

- eventually declared unfit for service

Colonial Forts

- were built to enforce the policy of extractions and to protect the ports and trade routes

- were designed to withstand raids, assaults, and bombardments of short but intense duration

- Elmina Castle set the pattern for subsequent buildings

- was a rectangular castle with a church and administrative center, corner bastions projected past the surface so gunners could protect entrances and flanks

- was expanded by the dutch to be a slave collection point

- artificial sloped terraces were built around the fort to expose attackers to cannon shot

- Fort william was started to protect passage on the hooghly river, built to face all directions

- main entrances opened to the east facing mainland

Amsterdam

- dutch were for the most part calvinists, beliefs dictated simple structures, did not build churches until freed from spainish control

- amsterdam quickly became on of the leading international ports of europe

- first church built was specifically built for the protestant community, called the zuiderkerk

- was a simple 6 bay rectangle, has no apse which reflects the more community oriented nature of its religious services

- no crypt since relics not part or religion

- ministe4r gave sermons from a pulpit in middle of congregation

- while building was plain tower was not

Amsterdam town hall

- palaces, monasteries, and castles were not part of the cultural fabric of the city

- new exchange bank was located on first floor of town hall

- on facade of building a statue of atlas lifts the globe on his shoulders above a pediment, depicts the nations of the world offering up their goods

- the marble floor is inscribes with maps of both the heavenly and the terrestrial worlds

- is an expression of the city's ascension in the world of politics, presaged the role civic architecture was to have

palace royale

- Henry IV made paris the capital of france a started building urban projects to boost the economy

- Palace Dauphine was designed to provide accommodations for bankers and merchants

- was located at the western tip of the Île de la Cité to make it highly visible

- Palace Royale was built on open land at the edge of the city, was originally planned with 3 sides for shops and the 4th for workshops

- whole square eventually became a residential address after silk production failed

- had special pavilions for king and queen and was intended as a setting for royal pageants

- was well suited to nobility and the rich bourgeois

Elizabethan england

- queen adopted modern notions of management and transformed feudal magnates into officeholders

- old houses were set with chimneys, walls paneled, windows glazed, and timber buildings were faced with stone

- Coal was now used in glass firing and allowed for glass to be made into plates

- Wollaton hall was the home of an important coal magnate, sported a prospect room at the top to showcase its towering windows

banqueting house

- served for dinning and theatrical entertainment

- one designed by jones was more a royal audience hall, reflecting a greater emphasis on royal authority, buildings importance lies in the symbolic significance of its Italian motifs, attempted to extend architectural language, now being associated with centralization of state

Church of santo domingo

- facade is typical of the mexican baroque

- imperial double eagle can still be seen above central portal, coat of arms for emperor Charles v

- commons for city was always established in front of a church or cathedral, not this one though

Ryoanji

- contains dry gardens, designed around carefully staged views, employed abstract means of representation

- garden is carefully rakes east to west

- 15 stones placed within it clustered in 5 groups

- meant to serve as an aide in meditation

Half timber

- logs cut in half

- bottom floor is taxable space, houses step out on upper floors to avoid more taxes

Gothic Europe

- religion deeply saturated into every aspect of world

- agricultural revolution, end to sweeping raids, political and economic stability, rotating crops and invention of horse collar

- clearing new land, using wind and water mills for more power, stable food supply, increased population growth

- travel + trade became easier, knowledge and ideas move, rebirth of urban towns

- major cities blossom and grow, major urban centers, bigger economy

- streets are small and narrow, not a grid unless built over roman remains

Medieval Markets

- new class of people (boujwazie): mid class merchant, can rise in social rank, make lots of money

- development of guilds: local artisans/business people, control + protect + promote certain activities

- knowledge gained by learning on site + hand on work, guild control involvement, apprentice

Increase in Litteracy

- 1% to 40%

- foundations of universities and colleges, certain ones taught specifics, women not allowed, associated with church, knowledge divided differently

- architecture not high up, thought to be gift from holy spirit, undo tower of babel curse

- one can be better by understanding the past

Debates around ornamentation in monasteries

- ornament leads to distraction of devotion or it allows access to devotion

- traditions of st paul

- achieve greatness through monasteries/abbey, solemn spaces

- no big interest in past knowledge

Bible for the poor

- people dont have access to holy literature

- cathedrals becomes bible to the poor

- iconography tries to tell stories from the bible/gospel

- tradition of st peter

Flying Buttress

- an arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls

- pushing the limits of materials

gothic period introduces pointed arches

- ribbed vaults get narrower to let in more light

- projects for the masses, meant for public, usually has three doors

rose window

a circular window with stained glass and stone tracery used on the facades and the ends of the transepts in Gothic cathedrals

tracery

ornamental stonework holding stained glass in place, characteristic of Gothic cathedrals

pointed arch/gothic arch

an arch produced by two curves meeting in a point at the top

ribbed vault

A vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them.

porch

a structure attached to the exterior of a building often forming a covered entrance

tympanum

Half-round panel that fills the space between the lintle and arch over the doorway of the church.

north porch

held local religious figures

south porch

held images and statues of the virgin mary

central porch

held images of christ or the last judgement

Sterotomy

- stone cutting

drawing created as a construction process

- didnt care about consistencies

- not complete

- drawing full scale on ground

- continuous testing for creating blocks

- mason marks are price tags

- not concerned with symmetry

Lux / Lumen / Illumination

- lux = external light from nature

- lumen = metaphysical light through stained glass

- Illumination = spiritual light that elevated and renews the spirit within a person (not a literal light)

- not about allowing more access to daylight, super luminous darkness, light grows on you (eyes adjusting)

City of God

- cathedral -> city seen as new Jerusalem on earth

Three root traditions of african architecture

- indigenous (localized): nomadic, wood, stone, mud

- Islamic

- Western (traditions of christianity): non indigenous, some may be seen as colonialist perspective

Bet Giyorgis, Church of St. George (Lalibela, Ethiopia)

- 11 sub terranean churches, monolithic, hollowed out interior, connected by passageways

- major religious center for Ethiopian Christian people, pilgrimage site

- some have pieces built out of blocks

Bet Maryam, Church of St. Mary (Lalibela, Ethiopia)

- same as Bet Giyorgis, named after mary

Humanism

- educational and intellectual program, latin + greek literature, develops in italian peninsula

- teach people to be virtuous citizens, contrasted with contemplative life of monks/scholars

- developed urbanly, classical learning "lost texts", read from secular perspective, christian "lens" widens

Petrarch (writer)

- first scholar to recognize cultural gap from his present and prior culture

- his age had a diff set of values

- clear historical consciousness

- middle ages prioritized Aristotle's thoughts, plato elevated in renaiassance

Loggia

a gallery or room with one or more open sides, especially one that forms part of a house and has one side open to the garden.

Lantern

a small structure with openings for light that crowns a dome

Vitruvian man by Leonardo Da Vinci

- based on Vitruvius

- t pose should form square

- x pose should form circle

Linear Perspective

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.

Fortuna

- fortune/chance

- has a wheel , goof life = going up the wheel, too far = going down the wheel

- 50% of decisions based on Fortuna

- if building is ugly then it poisons the ground

Vitruvius (10 books of architecture) - Leon Alberti

- translation of Vitruvius

- comes from noble family

- instructions that reconcile ancients with practical knowledge now

- classical/ancients foregrounded

- renaissance trying to reconcile with christian views and views of themselves

Nicola Machiavelli

- sense that leaders have to deviate ethically from the norm

dignity of man is rising

- human worth matters

- as person you can mold and shape oneself, rise or degenerate, as you rise you get closer to the divine

- architecture is promoted higher than before in this era

Being/Becoming (Plato)

- being -> up above, eternal + unchanging, model

- Becoming -> down below, imperfect copy of eternal model here on earth

Body & Building

- cosmic and proportional relationship

- image from Vitruvian man, based on Vitruvius

- sense that body and cosmos are proportional through geometry

- body seen as microcosms for the universe, females rarely dissected unless criminal

- bodies being projected onto buildings so that measurements reflect anatomy and thus the cosmos

Hospital of the innocents (Florence, Italy)

- proportions extremely direct, clear geometric aspects, very mute in color, simplified

- composite columns, whole number proportions, clear imagery

Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence, Italy)

- series of layers, inner and outer shell, no scaffolding

- still symbolic design

nature of representation becomes important

- invention of perspective, not technical yet, starts to suggest depth, cannot just see perspective

- drawing + painting gain more traction

- plans and elevations of buildings start to show up, still symbolic and suggestive, not predictive, not 1:1

Tempietto, in courtyard of St. Peters in montorio (Rome, Italy)

- centralization becomes important

- sits inside courtyard, believed to be site where st peter was crucified upside down

- nature was still alive in this era

Tempio Malatestiano (Rimini, Italy)

- clients were not amazing people]

- put tombs on exterior poche as an f u, keeps them in "limbo"

Timaeus - Plato

- presents elaborate formation of the universe, explains the order + beauty he sees in the universe/cosmos

- universe is rational and purposeful product of agency

- trying to impose mathematical order on the chaos of the universe

- represented by figure of craftsman, intention is to mime the cosmic order

- suggests explicit ethical + religious dimension

Invention of the Printing Press

- earliest text is the Gutenberg bible

- diamond sutra was block printed first

- books are cheaper and more available, knowledge spreads, rise in literacy

French Renaissance (1494-1610)

- revival of aspects of classical antiquity

- development of new techniques and artistic forms

- elaboration of new codes of sociability

- beginning of absolution, spread of humanism, early exploration of new world, slave trade starts

Papal Bull

- against witches, people who dont follow religioo9us beliefs, practice alternative medicine, given to demons

- make things poorly = suspicion of being a witch

- doctrine of discovery leads to global slave trade, legitimization of colonization, globalization

- architects mapped out how many bodies could fin in the ship, large amounts of death

- displaced native with settlers

- is an official/formal decree by pope

Villa Capra / Villa la rotonda (Vincenza, Italy)

- recovering roman language of buildings, pediment raised it up symbolically, temple symbolism debased

- rooms symmetrically arranged around central dome

- not just things Palladio studied, are things hes actually seen

Basilica Palladiana (Vincenza, Italy)

- medieval origin, civic structure, embedded into its context/city

- palladio to reskin building to help rebuild collapsed parts, lower levels as shops, upper level as administration, employs entasis through the adjustment of spacing

Teatro Olympico (Vincenza, Italy)

- started by palladio, oldest surviving closed theater, recovering the roman theater

- painted sky on ceiling since roman theaters are open to the sky, forces perspective of street views behind main stage

- wanted to hear the play more than see it

Villa Barbaro (Maser, Italy)

- built by palladio

- reconciles functions of the farm with the house, hallways dont exist

- trying to connect the house + outbuildings/sheds

- precedent to monumental buildings

Chateau de Matha (Matha, France)

- built by Jacquelle de Montberon

- is the only recognized female architect of french renaissance

Chateau d'Anet (Dreux, France)

-built by de l'Orme

- architecture feels a bit funerary

- designed for noble woman + kings lover

- diane de Poiters, consulting/directing work on a number of projects, introduction of women into discipline, associates with diana + artemis

- chateau part of hunting grounds

- nobles still relate themselves to gods, chapel articulated in black and white, king met in black and white

- chapel is first centralized church in france, very geometric, floor + ceiling reconcile with each other

Philibert de l'Orme

- appointed architect of the king, working in and around paris, obsessed with materiality, develops the french order, segmenting column horizontally because its harder to get large pieces of marble

- fascinated with stone cutting techniques, pragmatic view, only works with rich people

- good architect = abundance, life, communication

- bad architect = opposite of good

sebastian serlio

- wrote the Seven books on architecture

- wrote stuff for the non scholarly people, builders + architects

- his mentor was mentored by raphael

Andrea Palladio

- apprenticed in building trades, ran away but was brought back, becomes architect at 30, taken under wing of Gian Giorgio Trissano + Daniele Barbaro

- receives humanist education, vencienca is primary base, translates vitruvius

- published the antiquites of rome, guidebook to rome

- published the 4 books of architecture, frontise piece describes book in one image

Hypnerotomachia Poliphili - Francesco Colonna

- author was probably a group of people, most sought after in world, descriptions are synesthetic, blurs categories

- story said to be architectural treatise in narrative form, is erotic (NOT Pornographic), takes platonic view of things, privileging experience first then rationalizing

- rejecting medieval views + other side to that, female voice behind narrative, central to this is love

- bitterness + sweetness, always an end to eros