Chapter Review Flashcards: Animals, Population Ecology, Communities, Ecosystems, Biomes, and Preserving Biodiversity

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing key concepts.

Animals

Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by ingestion.

Characteristics of Animals

Multicellularity, heterotrophic nutrition, motility, and sexual reproduction.

Origin of Animals

Likely originated in aquatic habitats.

Phylogenetic Tree Features

Features used to build the animal phylogenetic tree include body plan, symmetry, and developmental patterns.

Early Embryonic Development

Involves fertilization, cleavage, and gastrulation.

Types of Digestive Tracts

Two main types of digestive tracts are complete and incomplete.

Segmentation

Allows for specialization of body regions.

Direct Development

Young animals resemble adults.

Indirect Development

Involves larval stages.

Sponges

Lack true tissues and organs. Have specialized cells, such as choanocytes, and spicules for support.

Sponge Body Adaptation

Adapted to aquatic habitats with pores for water flow and sessile life.

Sponge Feeding Strategy

Choanocytes filter food particles from water.

Importance of Sponges

Filter feeders, provide habitat for other organisms.

Cnidarians

Have radial symmetry, cnidocytes, and a gastrovascular cavity.

Polyp

Sessile form of cnidarian

Medusa

Motile form of cnidarian.

Cnidarian Feeding

Use cnidocytes to capture prey.

Cnidarian Movement

Polyps are sessile, medusae swim.

Cnidarian Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproduction.

Importance of Cnidarians

Coral reefs provide habitat; jellyfish are food source.

Flatworms

Have bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and lack a coelom.

Flatworm Body Shape Adaptation

Flattened body enhances gas exchange.

Classes of Flatworms

Turbellaria (free-living), Trematoda (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms).

Importance of Flatworms

Some are parasitic, others are free-living.

Mollusks

Have a mantle, foot, and visceral mass.

Largest Classes of Mollusks

Gastropoda (snails), Bivalvia (clams), Cephalopoda (squid), Polyplacophora (chitons).

Mollusk Feeding

Diverse feeding strategies. Ex. radula for grazing.

Mollusk Movement

Foot for locomotion.

Mollusk Reproduction

Sexual reproduction.

Mollusk Protection

Shell for protection.

Disadvantages of Shell

Heavy, limits mobility, requires energy to produce.

Importance of Mollusks

Food source, ecological roles.

Annelids

Segmentation is the defining feature that distinguishes them from mollusks.

Earthworm Digestive Tract

Complete digestive tract with specialized regions.

Earthworm Digestive System Adaptation

Specialized regions for digestion and absorption.

Annelid Classes

Oligochaeta (earthworms), Polychaeta (marine worms).

Annelid Feeding

Filter feeders, deposit feeders, predators.

Annelid Gas Exchange

Through skin or gills.

Annelid Movement

Use setae for locomotion.

Importance of Annelids

Soil aeration, food source.

Roundworms

Have a pseudocoelom.

Examples of Roundworms

Ascaris, Trichinella, Caenorhabditis elegans.

Roundworm Clade Placement

Evidence includes ecdysis (molting).

Nematode Feeding

Free-living or parasitic.

Nematode Excretion

Excretory canals.

Nematode Movement

Longitudinal muscles.

Nematode Reproduction

Sexual reproduction.

Importance of Roundworms

Decomposers, parasites.

Arthropods

Have jointed appendages, exoskeleton, and segmented body.

Arthropod Jointed Appendages

Adapted for walking, swimming, feeding, and sensing.

Arthropod Feeding

Diverse feeding strategies

Arthropod Respiration

Gills, book lungs, or tracheal system.

Arthropod Senses

Antennae and compound eyes.

Arthropod Movement

Jointed appendages and muscles.

Arthropod Reproduction

Sexual reproduction.

Arthropod Defense

Exoskeleton, camouflage, and venom.

Exoskeleton Advantages

Protection, support, and prevention of water loss.

Exoskeleton Disadvantages

Heavy, restricts growth, requires molting.

Importance of Arthropods

Pollinators, food source, decomposers.

Chelicerates

Have chelicerae (claw-like mouthparts)

Mandibulates

Have mandibles (jaw-like mouthparts)

Echinoderms

Have radial symmetry (as adults) and a water vascular system.

Water Vascular System

Used for locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

Examples of Echinoderms

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers.

Echinoderm Feeding

Predators, filter feeders, or detritivores.

Echinoderm Respiration

Through skin gills or tube feet.

Echinoderm Excretion

Diffusion.

Echinoderm Senses

Simple sensory organs.

Echinoderm Movement

Tube feet.

Echinoderm Reproduction

Sexual reproduction.

Echinoderm Defense

Spines, toxins, regeneration.

Chordates

Have a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.

Craniates

Chordates with a head.

Vertebrates

Craniates with a backbone.

Body Coverings of Fishes

Scales.

Body Coverings of Amphibians

Moist skin.

Body Coverings of Nonavian Reptiles

Scales.

Body Coverings of Birds

Feathers.

Body Coverings of Mammals

Hair.

Ectotherm

An animal that relies on external sources of heat to regulate body temperature.

Endotherm

An animal that generates its own body heat through metabolic processes.

Tunicates and Lancelets

Invertebrate chordates.

Hagfishes

Lack jaws and vertebrae, produce slime for defense.

Lampreys

Lack jaws but have a cartilaginous skeleton.

Fishes

Aquatic vertebrates with gills and fins.

Cartilaginous Fish

Have a skeleton made of cartilage (sharks, rays).

Bony Fish

Have a skeleton made of bone (tuna, trout).

Amphibians

Live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

Amphibian Reproduction

Require water for reproduction.

Reptiles

Have scales and lay amniotic eggs.

Birds

Are reptiles characterized by feathers.

Mammals

Have hair and mammary glands.

Monotremes

Lay eggs (platypus, echidna).

Marsupials

Give birth to underdeveloped young that mature in a pouch (kangaroos, koalas).

Placental Mammals

Have a placenta for nourishing the developing embryo (humans, whales).

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.

Community

All the populations of different species living in the same area.

Ecosystem

The community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact.

Population Density

The number of individuals per unit area or volume.

Subpopulation Evolution

May evolve into new species through genetic drift and natural selection.