Finals - Appendicular Skeleton (Bones)

Appendicular Skeelton

Has 126 bones comprising the upper and lower limbs, as well as the girdles which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Pectoral (upper)

helps in holding, lifting etc.

Pelvic (lower)

standing, jumping, etc/

4

# bones are in Pectoral Girdle?

60

# bones are in Upper Limb

2

# bones are in Pelvic Girdle

60

# bones are in Lower Limb

Clavicle

S-shaped bones that can be felt along their entire course as they extend horizontally across the superior thorax

Acromial End

Lateral/Distal End of the clavicle

Sternal End

Medial/Proximal End of the clavicle

Scapula (Posteriorly)

Thin, triangular–shaped bones

Scapulae

plural of scapula

Shoulder blade

Other term for scapula

Superior, Medial, Lateral

Scapular Borders

Superior

shortest but sharpest Scapular Border

SUPERIOR ANGLE

Superior border meets the Medial border at _____?

INFERIOR ANGLE

Medial border meets the Lateral border at _____?

LATERAL ANGLE

Superior border meets Lateral border at _____?

Glenoid Cavity

shallow fossa which articulates with the humeral head forming the GLENOHUMERAL JOINT

Spine

prominence that can be felt through the skin.

Acromion

posterolateral end of the spine.

ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT

The acromion articulates with the acromial end forming?

Coracoid Process

anterolateral end of the spine, No articulation but helps anchor the bicep muscles.

Suprascapular Notch

a nerve passage.

Arm, Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, Hand

Upper Limb composition

Arm

Region between the shoulder and the elbow.

Humerus

largest and longest bone of the upper limb

Humeral Head

hemispherical shaped, which fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula in a manner that allows the arm to hang freely at one’s side.

Anatomical neck

slight constriction inferior to the head.

Surgical neck

most fractured part of the humerus

Great tubercle

lateral tubercle

Lesser tubercle

medial tubercle

Bicipital groove/ intertubular sulcus

separates the two tubercles.

Deltoid tuberosity

roughened attachment for the deltoid muscle.

Radial groove

runs obliquely, marking the course of the radial nerve.

Elbow

hinged joint made up of three bones, the humerus, ulna, and radius

Capitulum

articulates with radius (in elbow)

Trochlea

articulates with ulna (in elbow)

Head of Radius

bulbous end of the radius where it meets the elbow.

Coronoid Fossa

a slight depression at the distal end of the humerus, on the cranial aspect of the condyle (in elbow)

Medial Epicondyle and Lateral Epicondyle

muscle attachment site in the elbow

Olecranon

prominent process of the ulna which articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus forming the elbow joint.

Olecranon Fossa

deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus, superior to the trochlea

Forearm

Two parallel long bones (ulna and radius) form the skeleton of the forearm or antebrachium

Ulna (medial portion)

slightly longer than the radius. The main responsibility is to form the elbow joint with the humerus.

Head of the ulna

knoblike; located distally (forearm)

Ulnar Styloid process

anchoring site for ligaments that run to the wrist

Radius (lateral portion)

thin at its proximal end and wide distally; responsible for forming the wrist joint

Radial head

nail-like, the most proximal portion of the radius.

Radial tuberosity

inferior to the head, anchors biceps muscle

Radial styloid process

anchoring site for ligaments that run to the wrist

Ulnar Notch

articulates with the ulna (radioulnar joint)

Hand

The skeleton of the hand includes bones of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

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Scaphoid (Navicular), Lunate (Semilunar), Triquetrum (Triquetral), and Pisiform (Unciform)

Proximal Row in the carpals

Scaphoid (Navicular)

boat-shaped bones in the carpals

Lunate (Semilunar)

moon-shaped bones in the carpals

Navicular

other term for Scaphoid

Semilunar

other term for Lunate

Triquetral

other term for Triquetrum

Unciform

other term for Pisiform

Trapezium (Greater Multangular), Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular), Capitate (Os Magnum), and Hamate (Hamulus)

Distal Row in the carpals

Greater Multangular

other term for Trapezium

Lesser Multangular

other term for Trapezoid

Os Magnum

other term for Capitate

Hamulus

other term for Hamate

Palm (metacarpals)

These are numbered from I-V

Head (distal)

articulates with the phalanges (metacarpophalangeal joint)

Base(proximal)

articulates with carpals (carpometacarpal joint)

Fingers (phalanges)

numbered from I-V; Contains 14 miniature long bones;

Pelvic Girdle

Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmits the upper body’s full weight to the lower limbs, and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis.

os coxae/ coxal bone

hip bones in the pelvic girdle

Illium

A large flaring bone that forms the superior region of a coxal bone.

Ala

superior winglike portion of the illium

Iliac crest

thickened portion on the superior margin of ala

Greater Sciatic Notch

Through which the thick cordlike sciatic nerve passes to enter the thigh

iliac fossa

The medial surface of the iliac ala exhibits a concavity called the _____

Pubis

Forms the anterior portion of the hip bone

V-shaped

shape of the pubis

pubic crest

The anterior border of the pubis is thickened to form the _____.

pubic tubercle

At the lateral end of the pubic crest is the _____, one of the attachments for the inguinal ligament

Obturator foramen

large opening of the hip bone where blood vessels pass through

fibrocartilage disc

The bodies of the two pubic bones are joined by a _____, forming the midline pubic symphysis joint.

pubic arch, subpubic angle

Inferior to this joint, the inferior pubic rami angle laterally, forms an inverted V-shaped arch called the _____ or _____.

Ischium

Forms the posteroinferior portion of the hipbone

L- or arc-shaped

shape of the ischium

lesser sciatic notch

Just inferior to the ischial spine is the _____.

Ischium

A number of nerves and blood vessels pass through this notch to supply the anogenital area.

ischial tuberosity

The inferior surface of the ischial body is rough and grossly thickened as the _____.

ischial tuberosities

When we sit, our weight is borne entirely by the _____, which are the strongest parts of the hip bones.

Female pelvis

Tilted forward; adapted for childbearing; true pelvis defines the birth canal; cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has a greater capacity (pelvis)

Male pelvis

Tilted less forward; adapted for support of a heavier build and stronger muscles; cavity of the true pelvis is narrow and deep (pelvis)

Less, lighter, thinner, and smoother

Thickness of female pelvis

Greater. heavier, thicker and prominent markings

Thickness of male pelvis

smaller and farther apart

Acetabula of the female pelvis

Large and closer

Acetabula of the male pelvis

Broader 80 to 90 deg

Pubic angle of the female pelvis

Acute angle 50 to 60 deg

Pubic angle of the male pelvis

Wide

Inlet (Pelvic Brim) of the female pelvis

Narrow; heart-shaped

Inlet (Pelvic Brim) of the male pelvis