AP Euro Pages 477-492

Philippus Aureolus von Hohenheim

________, who renamed himself Paracelsus, traveled widely and may have been awarded a medical degree from the University of Ferrara in Italy.

Galileo

________ was dragged once more before the Inquisition in 1633, found guilty of teaching the condemned Copernican system, and forced to recant his errors.

Berlin Academy

Winkelmann's difficulties with the ________ reflect the obstacles women faced in being accepted in scientific work, which was considered a male preserve.

Plato

Mathematics, so fundamental to the scientific achievements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, was promoted in the Renaissance by the rediscovery of the works of ancient mathematicians and the influence of ________, who had emphasized the importance of mathematics in explaining the universe.

Kepler

________ published his first two laws of planetary motion in 1609.

Harvey

________ demonstrated that the heart and not the liver was the beginning point of the circulation of blood in the body, that the same blood flows in both veins and arteries, and most importantly, that the blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body.

Copernicus

________ argued that the universe consisted of eight spheres with the sun motionless at the center and the sphere of the fixed stars at rest in the eighth sphere.

Jean de La Bruye

________ 're, the seventeenth century French moralist, was typical when he remarked that an educated woman was like a gun that was a collector's item, which one shows to the curious, but which has no use at all, any more than a carousel horse.

Leonardo da Vinci

________ devised "war machines, "and Albrecht Du ̈rer made designs for the fortifications of cities.

New Heaven

Toward a(n) ________: A Revolution in Astronomy.

Danish nobleman

A(n) ________, Tycho Brahe was granted possession of an island near Copenhagen by King Frederick II.

Newton

Although ________ may have considered himself a representative of the Hermetic tradition, he chose, it has been recently argued, for both political and psychological reasons to repress that part of his being, and it is as the "symbol of Western science "that he came to be viewed.

English village of Woolsthorpe

Born in the ________ in 1642, Isaac Newton was an unremarkable young man until he attended Cambridge University.

early Scientific Revolution

Kepler's work illustrates well the narrow line that often separated magic and science in the ________.

Johannes Kepler

________ had been destined by his parents for a career as a Lutheran minis- ter.

Antoine Lavoisier

In the eighteenth century, ________ invented a system of naming the chemical elements, much of which is still used today.

Boyle

________ also rejected the medieval belief that all matter consisted of the same components in favor of the view that matter is composed of atoms, which he called "little particles of all shapes and sizes "and which would later be known as the chemical elements.

Marie Anne Lavoisier

________ is a reminder that women too played a role in the Scientific Revolution.

Cavendish

________ was not a popularizer of science for women but a participant in the crucial scientific debates of her time.

Robert Boyle

________ was one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments.

Paracelsus

________ had turned against the Galenic principle that "contraries cure "in favor of the ancient Germanic folk principle that "like cures like ..

Renaissance artists

________ have also been credited with making an impact on scientific study.

Galileo

________ was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope, thereby inaugurating a new age in astronomy.

Toward a New Heaven

A Revolution in Astronomy

Johannes Kepler had been destined by his parents for a career as a Lutheran minis

ter

Kepler's three laws effectively eliminated the idea of uni

form circular motion as well as the idea of crystalline spheres revolving in circular orbits

Instead of peering at terrestrial objects, Galileo turned his telescope to the skies and made a remarkable series of discoveries

mountains and craters on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and sunspots

In 1632, he published his most famous work, Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems

Ptolemaic and Copernican

Treatment of disease was highly influenced by Galen's doctrine of four bodily humors

blood, considered warm and moist; yellow bile, warm and dry; phlegm, cold and moist; and black bile, cold and dry