IPS1- A5 - Solid State

Solids

[Solid/Liquid]

• Characterized of having fixed shapes, nearly incompressible

• Have strong intermolecular forces, very little kinetic energy

Solids

[Solid/Liquid]

• Atoms vibrate in fixed positions about an equilibrium position, there is very little translational motion

• Crystalline

• Amorphous

• Polymeric

Types of Solids [3]

Crystalline

[Types of Solids]

____-

• Fixed geometric pattern

• Definite Melting Point (MP)

Crystalline

[Types of Solids]

• Anisotropic (different properties in various directions) except cubic crystals

• Less soluble

a.) Crystalline

[Types of Solids]

• Example: Polymorphs,salts, hydrates, solvates

a.) Crystalline

b.) Amorphous

c.)Polymeric

Amorphous

[Types of Solids]

___-

• Randomly arrange molecules

• No definite Melting Point (MP)

Amorphous

[Types of Solids]

• Isotropic (properties are same in all directions)

• More soluble

Polymeric

[Types of Solids]

____-

• Can exhibit crystalline and amorphous characteristics

Anisotropic

[Isotropic / Anisotropic]

____-

• different properties in various directions

Isotropic

[Isotropic / Anisotropic]

___-

• properties are same in all directions

• Cubic – NaCl

• Tetragonal – Urea

• Monoclinic – Sucrose, Ritonavir (I)

• Triclinic – Boric acid

• Rhombic – Iodine

• Hexagonal – Iodoform

• Orthorhombic – Ritonavir

Types of Crystalline Solids Based on Symmetry [7]

• (Geometric shapes) according to Bavis

Cubic [(Example: Sodium chloride (NaCI)] which is Isotropic

All Types of Crystalline Solids are anisotropic except ___ ?

Bavis

Types of Crystalline Solids Based on Symmetry (Geometric Shapes) is according to ___ [who]?

Cubic

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Tetragonal

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Urea

Monoclinic

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Sucrose

Monoclinic

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Ritonavir (I)

Triclinic

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Boric acid

Rhombic

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Iodine

Hexagonal

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Iodoform

Orthorhombic

[Identify the Geometric shape]

• Ritonavir (II)

• Isometric (or Cubic)

• Tetragonal

• Monoclinic

• Triclinic

• Rhombohedral (or tirgonal)

• Hexagonal

• Orthorhombic

Primitive Crystal Systems [7]

• Polymorphism

• Allotropy

• Polymorphic changes

• Solvates (Aka. Pseudopolymorphs)

Properties of Crystalline Solids [4]

Pseudopolymorphs

Solvates is aka ___ ?

Polymorphism

[Properties of Crystalline Solids]

_____ -

• applies to COMPOUNDS

• Ability of solid to exist in more than one crystalline form

Example: Theobroma oil (cocoa butter)

a.) Polymorphism

Theobroma oil (cocoa butter) is under what Property of Crystalline Solid ?

a.) Polymorphism

b.) Allotropy

c.)Polymorphic Changes

d.) solvates

Theobroma oil ( cocoa butter)

____-

• used in suppositories

• the only solid vegetable oil

Cod liver oil

____-

• is the only liquid animal oil

Form	MP (°C)
Gamma	18.0
Alpha	22.0
Beta prime	28.0
Beta	34.5

Forms of Polymorphism [4]

Beta form

What is the most stable form of Theobroma oil that undergo Polymorphism ?

Allotropy

[Properties of Crystalline Solids]

____-

• applies ELEMENTS

• Special case of polymorphism in elemental substances

• Example: graphite, diamond, fullerene

b.) Allotropy

graphite, diamond, fullerene is under what Property of Crystalline Solid ?

a.) Polymorphism

b.) Allotropy

c.)Polymorphic Changes

d.) solvates

a. Enantiotropic

b. Monotropic

c. Isotropic

d. Anisotropic

Types of Polymorphic changes [4]

Enantiotropic

[Types of Polymorphic changes]

_____ -

• reversible

  • Example: sulfur

a.) Enantiotropic

Sulfur is an example of what Polymorphic change?

a.) Enantiotropic

b.) Monotropic

c.) Isotropic

d.) Anisotropic

Monotropic

[Types of Polymorphic changes]

___-

• unstable

• change is one direction only

  • Example: diamond → graphite

b.) Monotropic

diamond → graphite is an example of what Polymorphic change?

a.) Enantiotropic

b.) Monotropic

c.) Isotropic

d.) Anisotropic

c.) Isotropic

[Types of Polymorphic changes]

____-

• similar properties in all directions

a.) Enantiotropic

b.) Monotropic

c.) Isotropic

d.) Anisotropic

d.) Anisotropic

[Types of Polymorphic changes]

____-

• different properties in various directions

a.) Enantiotropic

b.) Monotropic

c.) Isotropic

d.) Anisotropic

Solvates (Pseudopolymorphs)

[Properties of Crystalline Solids]

____-

• Occurs when residual solvents are trapped in crystalline lattice

• Hydrates

• Anhydrates/Anhydrous

Types of Solvates [2]

Hydrates

[Types of Solvates]

___-

• when water is the solvent

Anhydrates / Anhydrous

[Types of Solvates]

____-

• crystals with no water of crystallization

Anhydrous crystals

____ - crystals; have higher aqueous solubility than hydrates

False ; Anhydrous crystals have higher aqueous solubility than hydrates

[T/F] Hydrates have high solubility in water compared to Anhydrates/Anhydrous?

Amorphous solids

[Type of Solid]

____-

• Aka supercooled liquids

Amorphous solids

[Type of Solid]

____-

• Molecules are arranged in random manner

• Tend to flow when subjected to sufficient force/pressure

b.) Amorphous solid

Glass , synthetic plastics are example of what Type of Solid ?

a.) Crystalline solid

b.) Amorphous solid

c.) Polymeric

Vitrification Process

[Type of Process]

____-

• uses heating or dissolution to form amorphous solid

Amorphization Process

[Type of Process]

___-

• uses mechanical processing to form amorphous solid