Anatomy final exam (not finished yet)

What portion of head contains the occipital region?

Dorsal (posterior)

What cavity contains the stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs?

Abdominopelvic cavity

What is the common name for the gluteal region?

Buttock

Describe the orientation terms Proximal and Distal

Promixal - towards the trunk on a limb

Distal - away from the trunk on a limb

What is the regional term for the anterior surface of the elbow?

antecubital region

What is the common name for the carpal region?

wrist

What cavity contains the lungs and heart?

Thoracic cavity

In humans, what is the difference between the directional terms Anterior and Ventral?

They mean the same thing! (frontal)

What organ system contains the skeletal muscles?

muscular system

Which organ system covers the external surface of the body and manufactures vitamin D?

Integumentary system

What is the study of the Function of the body and body parts called?

physiology

The ovary is part of which two organ systems?

reproductive, endocrine

what tissue can Goblet Cells be found in?

simple columnar epithelium

what are macrophages?

cells that are specialized to fight disease

what type of cells are microvilli apt to be found in?

cells that are specialized for absorption

what are two types of endocytosis?

Phagocytosis

pinocytosis

what is the function of the mitochondria?

production of ATP through the process of cellular respiration

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

packaging and processing proteins

where can smooth muscle be found?

the walls of hollow organs, such as stomach and in walls of blood vessels

what type of tissue is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow?

reticular connective tissue

which type of epithelial tissue is found lining kidney tubules?

Simple subodial epithelium

what type of tissue is fat?

adipose tissue (connective tissue)

where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

areas subject to considerable friction and abuse, such as the esophagous

which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?

nervous tissue

what are stratum germinativum cells?

epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed off

what causes the “tanning” effect that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun?

melanin

finger and toenails are composed of what material

keratin

what are the categories of epithelial tissue membranes?

mucous, cutaneous, serous, synovial

how do physicians estimate the volume of fluid lose in a serverly burned patient?

using the “rules of nines”

what do eccrine glands secrete?

99& water, sodium chloride, brace amounts of watses, lactic acid, and vitamin C (sweat)

describe the function of the arrector pili muscles

in a attempt to warm the body when cold, the _____ _____ contract to stand hairs upright

describe the hypodermis level of skin

adipose tissue

describe the function of keratin in skin

water resistance

a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors could indicate what?

melanoma

how does your skin synthesize vitamin D?

it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D

acne and seborrhea are caused by problems with what glands?

sebaceous glands

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of what nervous system?

Autonomic nervous system

An action potential is caused by an influx of what ions into the cell?

Sodium ions

What is a synaptic cleft?

the gap between two communicating neurons

afferent nerves are called ___, and motor nerves are called ___.

sensory nerves, efferent nerves

what is role of the sympathetic nervous system?

preparing the body for the “fight or flight” response

what is irritability?

the ability to respond to a stimulus

what is the sequence in a typical reflex arc?

receptor, afferent/sensory neuron, integration/control center, efferent/motor neuron, effector

what structures make up the peripheral nervous system?

spinal nerves, cranial nerves

what is the function of the olfactory nerve?

smell

what is the neurotransmitter?

the substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse

what structures make up the central nervous system?

brain and brain stem, spinal cord

which neuron process normally recieves incoming stimuli?

dendrites

Describe the path light takes as it passes though the eye

Cornea, aquemos humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve, visual area

when does sensorineural deafness occur?

when there is damage or degeneration of receptor corti (cochlea)

what is the fovea centralis?

the area of the retina with the greatest visual activity

the three sets of color receptors within the human retina are sensitive to what wavelengths of visible light?

blue, green, red

what is presbyopia?

the decreased lens elasticity associated with aging that makes it difficult to focus to near objects

the highly contagious bacterial infection known as pinkeye is caused by bacterial or viral irritation of the:

conjunctiva

what gland produces tears in eye?

lacrimal gland

where are equilibrium receptors located?

inner ear - semicircular canals

where are the hair cells that function as hearing receptors located?

spiral organ of corti (cochlea)

what is the pathway of vibrations through the ossicles from the eardrum to the oval window?

malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup

an ear infection following an illness such as a cold has passed from the throat through the auditory tube to the:

middle ear

What are the primary taste sensations?

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

what is the glans penis?

the enlarged tip of the penis

what are the testes?

the males gonads that have two functions: sperm-producing, testosterone

what does the bulbouretheral gland produce?

thick, clear mucus that cleanses the urethra of acidic urine

what is spermiogenesis?

the process in which sperm are streamlined into a head, midpiece, and tail

what is the female structure that corresponds to the male penis?

clitoris

what is the endometrium?

the inner mucosal layer of the uterus that is sloughed off approximately every 28 days

what is the corpus luteum?

a special glandular structure of the ovaries that primarily produce progesterone

what are mammary glands?

the clusters of specific glands that produce milk when a woman is lactating

where does fertilization usually occur?

uterine (fallopian tubes)

what is the cervix?

the narrow outlet of the uterus that projects into the vagina

irregular uterine contractions called the braxton hicks are also known as

false labor

when is a woman considered to be in menopause?

when she has gone a year without menstruation